In this paper, the Croatian and Ukrainian anthroponymic corpus are compared based on the twenty most common male and female names and surnames. The linguistic and cultural similarities between the ...Croatian and Ukrainian first name corpus are evidenced in the two most common Croatian and Ukrainian female names are Marija and Ana (Ukrainian Gana). Besides many homonymic or similar sounding modern Croatian and Ukrainian first names, the Croatian and Ukrainian first name corpora also include cognate local and historical forms for the Christian names Josip (Ukr. Osip) and Nikola (Cro. dial. Mikula and Ukr. Mikola). Smaller differences arise from the fact that Croatians are, for the most part, Catholic, while Ukrainians are, for the most part, Orthodox Christian, resulting in a portion of the Christian names used by Ukrainians having been directly borrowed from Greek (e.g., Grigorij), while they entered Croatian through Latin as an intermediary (e.g., Grgur). The most significant differences between the Croatians and Ukrainians lie in the surname corpus in which Croatian surnames originating from first names dominate, while in Ukraine surnames derived from terms for occupations dominate.
U ovome se radu na temelju dvadeset najčešćih muških i ženskih imena te prezimena uspoređuju hrvatski i ukrajinski antroponimijski fond. Jezične se i kulturološke sličnosti između hrvatskoga i ukrajinskoga osobnoimenskog fonda ogledaju u činjenici da su dva najčešća hrvatska i ukrajinska ženska imena Marija i (ukrajinski Gana). Osim velikoga broja istozvučnih ili bliskozvučnih suvremenih hrvatskih i ukrajinskih osobnih imena hrvatski i ukrajinski osobnoimenski fond ujedno bilježe i srodne mjesne i povijesne likove kršćanskih imena Josip (ukr. Osip) i Nikola (hrv. dij. Mikula i ukr. Mikola). Manje razlike proizlaze iz činjenice da su Hrvati uglavnom katolici, a Ukrajinci pravoslavci, pa su dio kršćanskih imena Ukrajinci primili izravno iz grčkoga jezika (npr. Grigorij), a Hrvati posredništvom latinskoga (npr. Grgur). Najveće su međusobne razlike između Hrvata i Ukrajinaca u prezimenskome fondu u kojemu u Hrvata prevladavaju prezimena potekla od osobnih imena, a u Ukrajinaca prezimena potekla od naziva zanimanja.česte u odlukama o početku ili prestanku pojedine mjere. Uljudniji oblici iskazivanja zapovijedi najrjeđi su među navedenim načinima, što sugerira važnost razumijevanja poruke o zaštiti sebe i drugih i, još više, djelovanja u skladu s njom.
•CEO–board surname ties increase agency costs.•Monitoring by shareholders and supervisors reduces the effect of surname ties.•Aligning directors’ interests with firm value reduces the effect of ...surname ties.
Although corporate governance literature recognizes the influence of acquired social ties between CEOs and directors, innate social ties are hardly explored. To extend this literature, this study examines how CEO–board surname ties influence agency costs. Drawing on social identity theory, we first develop the argument that CEO–board surname ties result in increased agency costs. We then employ agency theory to examine the boundary conditions under which such directors are less likely to act as group members of surname ties. Specifically, we consider three key governance tools as such conditions, namely, monitoring by shareholders, aligning directors’ interests with firm value, and aligning supervisors’ interests with firm value. We find empirical support for our arguments by using a sample of 16,926 listed firms and 165,287 directors in China from 2005 to 2015. We discuss the contributions to corporate governance literature and elucidate the practical implications of our findings.
In the cultural context of “the children follow the father's surname,” the incorporation of both parents' surnames into the children's surnames (i.e., the “new compound surnames” phenomenon) reflects ...the conceptual change that occurred during the modernization of society. Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2011 to 2020, this study examines whether firms led by CEOs with new compound surnames are associated with better environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. We find that firms led by CEOs with new compound surnames have significantly higher ESG performance scores. This finding holds after an array of robustness checks. We also find that the effect of CEOs with new compound surnames on ESG performance is more pronounced for non-state-owned enterprises, firms led by CEOs with lower personal economic motivation, and firms located in areas with higher marketization. Our study contributes to the research on executive characteristics and informal institutions by exploring the informativeness of CEOs' new compound surnames and has important implications for corporate governance.
Objective. To efficiently estimate race/ethnicity using administrative records to facilitate health care organizations' efforts to address disparities when self‐reported race/ethnicity data are ...unavailable.
Data Source. Surname, geocoded residential address, and self‐reported race/ethnicity from 1,973,362 enrollees of a national health plan.
Study Design. We compare the accuracy of a Bayesian approach to combining surname and geocoded information to estimate race/ethnicity to two other indirect methods: a non‐Bayesian method that combines surname and geocoded information and geocoded information alone. We assess accuracy with respect to estimating (1) individual race/ethnicity and (2) overall racial/ethnic prevalence in a population.
Principal Findings. The Bayesian approach was 74 percent more efficient than geocoding alone in estimating individual race/ethnicity and 56 percent more efficient in estimating the prevalence of racial/ethnic groups, outperforming the non‐Bayesian hybrid on both measures. The non‐Bayesian hybrid was more efficient than geocoding alone in estimating individual race/ethnicity but less efficient with respect to prevalence (p<.05 for all differences).
Conclusions. The Bayesian Surname and Geocoding (BSG) method presented here efficiently integrates administrative data, substantially improving upon what is possible with a single source or from other hybrid methods; it offers a powerful tool that can help health care organizations address disparities until self‐reported race/ethnicity data are available.
Objective
We propose an index to characterize the key feature of Chinese surname distributions and investigate its implications for population structure and dynamics.
Materials and methods
The ...surname dataset was obtained from the National Citizen Identity Information Center, which contains 1.28 billion Chinese citizens enrolled in 2007, excluding those of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. An index, the coverage ratio of stretched exponential distribution (CRSED), is proposed based on the crossover point of stretched exponential truncated power‐law distribution, where the stretched exponential term and the power‐law term contribute equally. We use multidimensional scaling technique to demonstrate the dependence of the similarity of one prefecture to the others on the CRSED.
Results
The CRSEDs of 362 prefectures exhibit an uneven distribution. The consistency of this index is evident by strong positive correlations of CRSEDs at the three administrative levels. This new index has a strong negative correlation with the proportion of the rare surnames. The prefectures with similar CRSEDs tend to adjoin each other on the administrative map, resulting in several distinct regions, each of which shares similar terrain features or historical migrations. The prefectures with lower CRSEDs are more dissimilar to the other prefectures, while the ones with higher CRSEDs are more similar to the others.
Discussion
The population dynamics of the prefectures with higher CRSEDs are more likely dominated by migratory movements, the dominant evolutionary forces of the prefectures with lower CRSEDs can be attributed to drift and mutation.
The hierarchical structure of metapopulations characteristic of humans with their subdivision into parts (subpopulations), usually classified on the basis of administrative-territorial division, ...principles of biological systematics, etc., is considered. The present study aimed to continue the analysis of the common properties of concentration of surnames by subpopulations within their hierarchical subdivision. Attention is focused on the description of surname divergence of subpopulations. The surname inbreeding coefficient
Fs
is expressed through the divergence indices, which is similar to the traditional inbreeding coefficient in population genetics. Its expansion by hierarchy levels into the sum of increments of the surname inbreeding coefficient corresponding to separate levels is obtained. The relationship between the found expansion and the expansion of the variance of the distribution of the surname concentration by subpopulations is demonstrated. With an additional assumption about the independence of the concentration of the surname and
Fs
, the factorization of
Fs
by hierarchy levels is found in line with the ideas of S. Wright. It is simplified with a small surname divergence of subpopulations when the
Fs
coefficient of the entire metapopulation is equal to the sum of the average
Fs
values at individual levels of the hierarchy. The underestimation of surname inbreeding was obtained when subpopulations of a higher rank serve as units of observation instead of undivided subpopulations of the first level of the hierarchy. These results are statistical characteristics of the hierarchical structure, and not a feature of a particular population system, and do not follow from one model or another of microevolution. They are computationally independent of the hierarchical system under study, but allow quantitatively characterizing their heterogeneity. The results obtained refer to rural and urban hierarchical metapopulations as separate components of the entire population. In an appendix that can be read independently, genetic analogs of the properties found are given without proof in respect to the genetic structure of a metapopulation.
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