•Korea has a strong family-centered culture of sharing the same surname.•Investors react more positively to favorable stock recommendations of analysts with familyship.•Investors’ biased favorability ...is more pronounced for positive news than for negative news.
Using the surnames of financial analysts in Korea, this paper examines how investors react to forecasts of analysts with familyship. Since Korea has a strong family-centered culture of sharing the surname, it provides a suitable setting for examining whether investors incorporate analysts’ personal characteristics into their decision-making. This paper finds that stock recommendations by analysts with familyship elicit stronger market reactions. Additionally, the effect is only observed in the cases of upgrade, hold, and buy recommendations. Finally, the effect is observed only when the stock market was not in recession.
Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their ...birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1,
N
=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2,
N
=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3,
N
=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.
Census data are vital to health care research but must also protect respondents' confidentiality. The 2020 decennial Census employs a new Differential Privacy framework; this study examines its ...effect on the accuracy of an important tool for measuring health disparities, the Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding (BISG) algorithm, which uses Census Block Group data to estimate race and ethnicity when self-reported data are unavailable. Using self-reported race and ethnicity data as our standard, we compared the accuracy of BISG estimates calculated using the original 2010 Census counts to the accuracy of estimates calculated using 2010 data but with 2020 Differential Privacy in place. The Differential Privacy methodology slightly decreases BISG accuracy for American Indian and Alaska Native people but has little effect for other groups, suggesting that the methodology will not impede health disparities research that employs BISG and similar methods.
Research Question/Issue
Using data on Chinese listed state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), this study examines the impact of board surname sharing on firms' investment efficiency.
Research ...Findings/Insights
We find that surname sharing among a firm's board of directors is positively associated with its investment efficiency. The main result continues to hold when using alternative measures and accounting for endogeneity. Specifically, we show higher surname homogeneity mitigates agency costs and information asymmetry. Taken together, this evidence supports the view that board surname sharing is conducive to effective communications in the boardroom, thus enhancing board effectiveness and collective decision‐making among board members.
Theoretical/Academic Implications
With the theory of social identity, the literature presents two opposing views on the impact of group identity on corporate behaviors. One view focuses on the cost of favoritism bias and coalition while the other view illustrates the benefits of group coordination and communication. We shed light on this debate by documenting that the group identity of surname sharing might increase corporate investment efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence that social identity benefits board decision‐making.
Practitioner/Policy Implications
Our findings have implications for formulating the “best practice” on executive selection and boosting board composition. In addition to structural factors and procedural rules, shareholders and policymakers may need to carefully consider creating the climate of a robust social system of the board to ensure a virtuous cycle of trust and outspokenness, especially when dealing with the problems of passive monitoring.
Random dynamics of the surname composition of a population of finite size in discrete time with non-overlapping generations is considered. It is assumed that surnames are passed to descendants along ...patrilineal lines. The dynamics is analyzed over a short effective time interval
t
/
NE
(
t
), where
NE
(
t
) is average harmonic effective population size over
t
generations. Since in this case systematic pressures can be neglected, the surname microevolution approximately corresponds to the process of random genetic drift, synchronously proceeding in the same population with the intensity four times less than for the surnames. Similar to the genetic drift model, the surname composition of the next generation τ is a random sample of size
Ne
(τ)/2 composed of the surnames of the male component of parental population; i.e., the size is 4 times less than the sample of 2
Ne
(τ) gametes under genetic drift (
Ne
(τ) is the effective population size in generation τ). The dynamics of the probability of a random encounter of namesakes and the probability of random encounter of individuals with different surnames are studied. These probabilities are similar to the concentrations of homozygotes and heterozygotes, respectively, in the genetic structure analysis. The exact time dependences for the indicated probabilities, variances of the surname concentrations, and the surname analog of the inbreeding coefficient are presented. The approximation of exact dependences by simpler ones is given over short effective time
t
/
NE
(
t
), where the surname divergence is four times faster than the genetic divergence. The results do not imply the surname monophyly and they describe a speculative theoretical set of replica populations, as if having re-experienced the microevolutionary history of the population in question under the same conditions. The use of a time which is small compared to the population size is justified by recent emergence of the majority of surnames in Russia and by the fact that the elapsed time in generations is much smaller than typical population size. In real subdivided populations, estimation of the inbreeding coefficient based on the surname concentrations does not allow for distinguishing the situations of a mechanical mixture of subpopulations or their common origin.
Women’s marital surname change has been discussed as comprising one possible signal of intention to remain married, and may be perceived as such, and valued, by husbands. Here, the practice was ...investigated as a potential predictor of marital duration among couples who went on to divorce. An archival analysis was based on a search of all available, opposite-sex divorces filed over an 8-month period in a Canadian county. Among couples (
n
= 107) divorcing, marriages the women in which underwent marital surname change lasted 60% longer, controlling for wife’s age at the time of marriage. When the woman’s marital surname change/retention was used as a regression predictor of number of children of the marriage alongside marriage duration in years, only the latter was predictive. No husband took his wife’s surname. Giving the maternal surname (along with the paternal surname) to children occurred at a negligible frequency. Potential reasons for these findings including costly signaling and, ultimately, paternity uncertainty, as well as possible implications for public policy, are discussed.
Racial identification is a critical factor in understanding a multitude of important outcomes in many fields. However, inferring an individual’s race from ecological data is prone to bias and error. ...This process was only recently improved via Bayesian improved surname geocoding (BISG). With surname and geographic-based demographic data, it is possible to more accurately estimate individual racial identification than ever before. However, the level of geography used in this process varies widely. Whereas some existing work makes use of geocoding to place individuals in precise census blocks, a substantial portion either skips geocoding altogether or relies on estimation using surname or county-level analyses. Presently, the trade-offs of such variation are unknown. In this letter, we quantify those trade-offs through a validation of BISG on Georgia’s voter file using both geocoded and nongeocoded processes and introduce a new level of geography—ZIP codes—to this method. We find that when estimating the racial identification of White and Black voters, nongeocoded ZIP code-based estimates are acceptable alternatives. However, census blocks provide the most accurate estimations when imputing racial identification for Asian and Hispanic voters. Our results document the most efficient means to sequentially conduct BISG analysis to maximize racial identification estimation while simultaneously minimizing data missingness and bias.
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat polymorphisms (Y-STRs) and Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) are valuable genetic markers used in paternal lineage identification and population ...genetics. Currently, there is a lack of an effective panel that integrates Y-STRs and Y-SNPs for studying paternal lineages, particularly in East Asian populations. Hence, we developed a novel Y-chromosomal targeted panel called YARN (Y-chromosome Ancestry and Region Network) based on multiplex PCR and a single-end 400 massive parallel sequencing (MPS) strategy, consisting of 44 patrilineage Y-STRs and 260 evolutionary Y-SNPs. A total of 386 reactions were validated for the effectiveness and applicability of YARN according to SWGDAM validation guidelines, including sensitivity (with a minimum input gDNA of 0.125 ng), mixture identification (ranging from 1:1–1:10), PCR inhibitor testing (using substances such as 50 μM hematin, 100 μM hemoglobin, 100 μM humic acid, and 2.5 mM indigo dye), species specificity (successfully distinguishing humans from other animals), repeatability study (achieved 100% accuracy), and concordance study (with 99.91% accuracy for 1121 Y-STR alleles). Furthermore, we conducted a pilot study using YARN in a cohort of 484 Han Chinese males from Huaiji County, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong, China (GDZQHJ cohort). In this cohort, we identified 52 different Y-haplogroups and 73 different surnames. We found weak to moderate correlations between the Y-haplogroups, Chinese surnames, and geographical locations of the GDZQHJ cohort (with λ values ranging from 0.050 to 0.340). However, when we combined two different categories into a new independent variable, we observed stronger correlations (with λ values ranging from 0.617 to 0.754). Overall, the YARN panel, which combines Y-STR and Y-SNP genetic markers, meets forensic DNA quality assurance guidelines and holds potential for East Asian geographical origin inference and paternal lineage analysis.
●1. An advanced panel incorporating 44 Y-STRs and 260 Y-SNPs was developed and validated.●A preliminary genetic analysis of 484 male individuals was conducted.●Significant correlations among factors such as haplogroups, surnames, and locations were identified.
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