The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the first publication of Bunker and ...Thorpe on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). In this sense, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of technical and tactical approach interventions on skill execution and decision making, and to examine the influence of the teacher/coach management style. A systematic literature search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and SportDiscus electronic databases. A total of seven and six studies were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria for decision making and skill execution, respectively. Meta-analysis results showed that tactical interventions achieved significant improvements in decision making (effect size = 0.89 with 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.12 to 1.65), but they did not show significant improvements in skill execution (effect size = 0.89 with 95% CI from -0.45 to 2.23) compared to technical approaches. However, the heterogeneity of interventions was large and the quality of evidence was low according to GRADE. In conclusion, tactical approaches are recommended to teach games and sports in order to develop technique, understanding, tactical knowledge, and decision making, which are demanded in game play. These findings could be useful for teachers and coaches to improve these aspects of their players and students.
This study aimed to identify performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in elite men's and women's Rugby Union during the latest World Cup competitions. The knockout stages of the ...men's 2015 Rugby World Cup (n = 8) and women's 2014 Rugby World Cup (n = 8) were compared. Findings suggest that in the men's game, winning teams kicked a greater percentage of possession in the opposition 22-50 m with a view to gaining territory and pressuring the opposition (winners = 16%, losers = 7%). In the women's game successful teams adopted a more possession-driven attacking approach in this area of the pitch. Successful women's teams appear more willing to attack with ball in hand following a kick receipt and adopt a more expansive game through attacking with wider carries in the outside channels. The percentage of lineouts won on the opposition ball was found to be an important performance indicator that discriminates winners and losers, regardless of sex (winners = 18%, losers = 11%). Findings suggest successful men's and women's teams adopt different tactical approaches to knockout competitions, this knowledge should be used as a basis for coaches to develop tactical approaches and training methods which are sex dependent.
Background. The study is devoted to improving the medical and social effectiveness of the Privileged Dental Prosthetics Program for certain categories of citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan. Aim. ...The aim of the study was to develop new tactical approaches to implement a targeted program of dental prosthetics for certain groups of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan in the complete absence of teeth aimed at the introduction of modern treatment technologies.Material and methods. We applied a complex method using: method of expert evaluation of the Program of free dental prosthetics in the Republic of Tatarstan, method of organizational modeling for the development of new tactical approaches in the implementation of the Program, method of statistical cost prediction in comparing three approaches to dentures for edentulous mandibles at the expense of the Program. Analysis of aggregate data obtained in the calculation of the comparative economic efficiency of the traditional method, the use of dental implant quota and the introduction of the number of applications for the fabrication of a complete removable denture in persons over 60 years in the mediumterm forecast of 10 years was conducted. Statistical processing was performed in MS Windows software. Results and discussion. At the level of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, when implementing the additional MHI program of free denture prosthetics for certain categories of citizens, tactical approaches have been introduced, implying a frequency of visits with complete removable prosthetics – once every three years, according to the service life of the prosthesis. Every year since 2015, an order has been issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. Saving funds of the Program for this section of dental prosthetics reaches more than 8,8 million rubles (67%) per year. Rational use of the funds of the compulsory medical insurance program makes it possible to manufacture modern constructions with the use of dental implantation in 200 people a year. Conclusion. The developed tactical approaches of using the funds of the Territorial Program of Compulsory Medical Insurance for free dental prosthetics in the Republic of Tatarstan serve as a reserve for the introduction of modern technologies of treatment with the use of dental implants on edentulous jaws.
Continuous professional development is of great importance if one is to develop quality professional work. This book contains some of the latest research advances related to the field of Physical ...Education and Sports. In today's globalized world, continuous and permanent education is necessary and essential to complement the initial training and previous experience. In this book, you can find a wide range of works focused on innovative teaching methodologies and psychological variables to take into account to improve classes and training. These studies on the most forward-looking technological advances in physical activity and sports are useful for those who seek to be up-to-date on this type of research. In addition, these studies will be useful to consult regarding current lifestyle, the creation of healthy habits, the promotion of physical activity in one’s free time, and the importance of leading an active life.
Presents a new version of the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model in physical education which draws on a situated learning perspective, describing the TGfU approach, reviewing recent ...research on TGfU, discussing constructs for conceptualizing learning in games, and outlining a situated learning perspective. This perspective is applied to rethinking the TGfU model. (Contains references.) (SM)
Le diagnostic des fièvres prolongées inexpliquées est un défi majeur pour l’interniste, illustré par le taux d’échecs actuel qui dépasse 30 %, malgré les progrès de la technologie médicale. De ...nombreuses clés diagnostiques sont disponibles dans les données cliniques et biologiques standard, dont une meilleure exploitation pourrait améliorer le score diagnostique.
L’intuition et la méthode hypothéticodéductive qui sont les deux stratégies cliniques les plus utilisées, sont perfectibles. Les prérequis sont d’aimer le jeu de la clinique, d’avoir une expérience étendue au lit du malade, d’avoir confiance dans sa propre expertise de la sémiologie, de faire un large emprunt aux heuristiques et d’appliquer avec discernement le principe du rasoir d’Occam. Les habitudes de prescription des tests biologiques doivent être révisées : les tests sérologiques et immunologiques ont un intérêt limité ; les tests biologiques standard recèlent de nombreuses clés insuffisamment exploitées comme la valeur d’une thrombopénie dans un contexte inflammatoire, du comptage systématique des cellules hyperbasophiles, des grands lymphocytes granuleux, la valeur d’une éosinopénie, d’un taux de LDH très élevé… L’imagerie doit faire appel en premier lieu au scanner corps entier, précédé par une radiographie pulmonaire et une échographie abdominale ; le choix ultérieur dépend des objectifs : scintigraphie aux leucocytes marqués en cas de présomption de suppuration profonde ; 18-FDG PET scan en cas de recherche d’inflammation dans les tissus, les ganglions ou les artères ; enfin la recherche du meilleur site à biopsier qui permet d’établir le diagnostic dans 25 à 30 % des cas doit être précoce, guidée par les données cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques.
La stratégie et les techniques diagnostiques des fièvres prolongées inexpliquées doivent reposer sur la recherche de clés diagnostiques ; l’expérience, l’entraînement répété au lit du malade sont des préalables essentiels ; les examens de laboratoire recèlent de nombreuses clés nécessitant une exploitation plus approfondie ; le choix de l’imagerie dépend des objectifs ; la recherche précoce du meilleur site à biopsier est essentielle.
Diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a major challenge for internists, as emphasized by the high rate of diagnostic failure, despite the fast-moving progress in medical technology. Numerous clues are available in clinical and standard biological data; a better use of the available tests is warranted.
Improvement in diagnostic accuracy might be expected by developing strategies targeted toward a more systematic search of diagnosis clues. Intuition and the hypothetic – deductive method that are the most common clinical strategies are the most perfectible. It implies to enjoy the fun of clinical examination, to have a large experience in bedside training, to be confident in his/her own semiological skills, to refer frequently to heuristics, and to use carefully Occam's razor principle. Laboratory tests might be revisited; immunological and serological tests are of little value; standard biological tests provide many insufficiently exploited clues. Imaging procedures depend on objectives: whole body CT scan should be performed early within the first days of hospitalisation, preceded by standard chest radiograph and abdomen ultrasonography; followed by either indium-111 or technetium-99m, labelled leukocytes if deep abscesses are suspected or 18-FDG PET scan in the case of suspected inflammatory disease involving tissues, lymph nodes or arteries. Early identification of the best tissue to be the site of biopsy is one of the most decisive procedures.
Strategies and tactical approaches for the diagnosis of FUO might be driven by the search of significant clues. Self-clinical experience driven by a wide bedside training is of major concern. Standard laboratory tests might be better used and the choice of imaging depends on objectives. Identification of the most appropriate tissue to be sampled for histological examination is one of the most beneficial step.
The tactical and technical approach model is an approach model that is often used in physical education, especially in game sports, one of which is basketball. This study aims to determine the ...different effects of tactical and technical learning models on students' understanding and skills in basketball. The method and design of this study used an experimental method with pre-test and post-test design groups. The research sample is composed of high school students, with a total of 48 students. 12 students using a technical approach and 12 tactical students The instrument uses GPAI (Games Performance Instrument Analysis). The results obtained (1) test the similarity of the average of the two skills obtained. 000 for technical and 0.000 for tactical, it can be concluded that the two models have significant differences in basketball playing skills. (2) Then the two models have different average values; the playing skills score of the tactical approach model is 0.67 and the technical approach model is 0.55. The difference between the two approach models shows that the tactical approach model has a significantly greater effect than the technical approach model.
The purpose of this study was to implement the tactical approach in developing junior high school students’ understanding and games performance in football. The method used in this research was ...experimental method with pre-test post-test control group design. The research involved two groups, including experimental group with tactical approach intervention and a group with technical approach intervention for developing understanding and skills in playing football of junior high school students. Two instruments were used in this study, namely (1) cognition instrument, multiple choice type, with C1 to C3 difficulty levels to measure students’ understanding in football games learning and (2) Game Performance Assessment Instrumen (GPAI) for measuring football games performance. The reseach involved junior high school students in Bandung. The data collected were analysed by using one-way MANOVA to see the relationship between the groups related to the development of uderstanding and enjoyment. The result of the analysis showed that the t value of understanding variable was -1.64 and significant at the level 0,05 (0,05≤ 0,05) with mean differences -1.32. It showed that there was a significant difference between the tactical and technical group in understanding aspect. Meanwhile, in football games performancevariable, the t value was -5.71 and significant at the level 0,00 (0,00 ≤ 0,05) with mean difference -3.97. It showed that there was a significant difference between the tactical and technical group in football playing skills. According to the result of analysis, it concludes that (1) The implementation of the tactical approach had an effect on students’ understanding in football games learning, (2) The implementation of tactical approach had an effect on games performance of the students in football games learning. AbstrakTujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mengimplementasikan pendekatan taktis terhadap pengembangan pemahaman dan keterampilan bermain sepak bola siswa SMP. Metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan pretest posttest control group design. Melibatkan dua kelompok, yaitu satu kelompok eksperimen dengan intervensi pendekatan taktis dan satu kelompok dengan intervensi pendekatan teknis (tradisional) terhadap pengembangan pemahaman dan keterampilan bermain sepakbola siswa SMP. Terdapat dua instrument yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu (1) instrument kognisi jenis multiple choise pada tingkat kesukaran C1 sampai dengan C3 yang akan digunakan untuk mengukur pemahaman siswa dalam permbelajaran bermain sepak bola, (2) instrument tes keterampilan bermain sepakbola dengan menggunakan Game Permomance Assessment Instrumen (GPAI). Penelitian akan dilakukan pada siswa-siswi SMP dilingkungan kota Bandung. Semua data yang diperoleh akan analisis dengan menggunakan teknik manova satu jalur yang bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh antar kelompok baik pada pengembangan pemahaman dan kesenangan secara bersama-sama maupun masing-masing variabel. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa pada variable pemahaman diperoleh nilai t sebesar -1.64 dan signifikan pada 0,05 (0,05 ≤ 0,05) dengan mean difference sebesar -1.32. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap pemahaman Sedangkan pada variable keterampilan bermain sepak bola diperoleh nilai t sebesar -5.71 dan signifikan pada 0,00 (0,00 ≤ 0,05) dengan mean difference sebesar -3.97. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap keterampilan bermain sepak bola. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) Implementasi pendekatan taktis memberikan pengaruh terhadap pemahaman siswa dalam pembalajaran sepak bola, (2) Implementasi pendekatan taktis memberikan pengaruh terhadap keterampilan dasar bermain sepak bola siswa dalam pembalajaran sepak bola.
Learning approaches, such as tactical approach and technical approach, have been widely discussed for promoting physical activity in physical education learning. The application of a suitable ...learning approach becomes an important issue related to different fitness level of individual. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of basketball skill learning by applying the learning approaches based on the physical fitness level of adolescent students. A 2 x 2 factorial design (ANOVA) was applied in this study. Forty junior high school male students were involved in this study. They were divided into 4 groups, including 2 high physical fitness groups and 2 low physical fitness groups by applying the tactical approach and technical approach. This study used the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) instrument for the junior high school level and basketball skill test instruments, including passing, shooting, and dribbling tests. The results showed that, overall, students who received the tactical approach were better than students who received the technical approach. In the high physical fitness student group, the tactical learning approach showed a significant impact compared to the technical approach. However, in the students with low physical fitness group, the technical approach had a better effect on the students' basketball skills. It concludes that the two learning approaches are proven to be able to improve the outcomes of basketball skill learning. For that reason, it is recommended to teach basketball skills using a tactical approach to students with good physical fitness. However, if students have low physical fitness, it is suggested that technical learning approaches is given.
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