Studies on the color category PURPLE yielded inconsistent category boundaries, focal colors, and color‐emotion associations. In French, there are at least three color terms referring to the shades of ...purple, potentially weighing on these inconsistencies. Thus, we tested the semantic breadth and richness in semantic meaning of violet (basic term), lilas (non‐basic), and pourpre (non‐basic). We collected free associations in 274 French speakers from Algeria, France, and Switzerland, yielding 2079 responses, of which 436 were discrete and 275 were unique. Frequency analyses and semantic coding supported the basicness status of violet in French, within a hierarchically structured semantic system. Moreover, the meaning of the three terms was not synonymous. Violet had the most meaning. Lilas had the narrowest meaning, mainly referring to Natural Entities. Pourpre seemed close to RED. We found no differences between the countries. Future studies should extend this approach to other languages and other color terms.
Discrete responses generated for violet, lilas, and pourpre. Bigger and more central discrete responses were generated more frequently across participants. Note, the scaling is not linear, which means that a response that is twice as large was not necessarily generated twice as frequently.
In this paper, the global exponential anti-synchronization problem is studied for an array of delayed memristive neural networks (DMNNs) with leakage term and reaction–diffusion terms. Firstly, to ...investigate the exponential anti-synchronization problems, we will design two different types of controllers for the proposed systems. Secondly, via adopting Lyapunov functional method, the drive–response theory and some inequality techniques, several sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure the global exponential anti-synchronization of the proposed DMNNs with leakage term and reaction–diffusion terms. Specifically, the delays could be time-varying or constants in the leakage term. Compared with the previously research results, the proposed neural network models herein are more general, and the obtained results consider the diffusion effects, leakage delay and time-varying delays, and those results can improve and enrich the previously obtained results. At last, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the derived theoretical results.
Terminology development and practical lexicography are crucial in language intellectualization. In South Africa, the Department of Sport, Arts and Culture, National Lexicography Units, universities, ...commercial publishers and other organizations have been developing terminology and publishing terminographical/lexicographical resources to facilitate the use of African languages alongside English and Afrikaans in prestigious domains. Theoretical literature in the field of lexicography (e.g., Bergenholtz and Nielsen (2006); Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995; 2010); Gouws 2020) has attempted to resolve traditional distinctions between lexicography and terminology while also addressing terminological imprecisions in the relevant scholarship. Taking the cue from such scholarship, this article reflects on the methodological approaches for developing lexicographical products for specific subject fields, i.e., resources that document and describe terminology from specialized academic and professional fields. Its focus is on the use of traditional methods vis-a-vis the application of electronic corpora and its technologies in the key practical tasks such as term extraction and lemmatization. The article notes that the limited availability of specialized texts in African languages hampers the development and deployment of advanced electronic corpora and its applications to improve the execution of terminological and lexicographical tasks, while also enhancing the quality of the products. The Illustrated Glossary of Southern African Architectural Terms (English-isiZulu), A Glossary of Law Terms (English-isiZulu) and the forthcoming isiZulu dictionary of linguistic terms are used for special reference. Keywords: INTELLECTUALIZATION OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES, LEXICOGRAPHY, TERMINOLOGY, TERMINOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY, SUBJECT FIELD DICTIONARIES, SUBJECT FIELD LEXICOGRAPHY, GLOSSARY, ELECTRONIC CORPORA Terminologieontwikkeling en praktiese leksikografie is noodsaaklik in taalintellektualisering. In Suid-Afrika het die Departement van Sport, Kuns en Kultuur, die Nasionale Lesikografieeenhede, universiteite, kommersiele uitgewers en ander organisasies die terminologie ontwikkel en terminologiese/leksikografiese hulpbronne gepubliseer om die gebruik van Afrikatale neffens Engels en Afrikaans in toonaangewende domeine te bevorder. Teoretiese literatuur in die leksikografieveld (soos Bergenholtz en Nielsen (2006); Bergenholtz en Tarp (1995; 2010); Gouws 2020) het pogings aangewend om die tradisionele onderskeid tussen die leksikografie en die terminologie te ontleed en terselfdertyd die terminologiese onjuisthede in die relevante studieveld aan te spreek Vanuit hierdie agtergrond neem die artikel die metodologiese benaderings tot die ontwikkeling van leksikografiese produkte vir spesifieke onderwerpsvelde, m.a.w. hulpbronne wat die terminologie van gespesialiseerde akademiese en professionele velde dokumenteer en beskryf, in oenskou. Daar word gefokus op die gebruik van tradisionele metodes versus die gebruik van elektroniese korpora en die tegnologie daaraan verbonde in die belangrikste praktiese take soos term-onttrekking en lemmatisering. In die artikel word daarop gewys dat die beperkte beskikbaarheid van gespesialiseerde tekste in Afrikatale die ontwikkeling en benutting van gevorderde elektroniese korpora en die toepassings daarvan verhinder om sodoende die uitvoer van terminologiese en leksikografiese take te verbeter en terselfdertyd die kwaliteit van die produkte te verhoog. Die Illustrated Glossary of Southern African Architectural Terms (English-isiZulu), A Glossary of Law Terms (EnglishisiZulu) en die toekomstige isiZulu woordeboek van linguistiese terme word as spesifieke verwysing gebruik. Sleutelwoorde: INTELLEKTUALISERING VAN AFRIKATALE, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, TERMINOLOGIE, TERMINOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEK, SPESIALEVELDWOORDEBOEKE, SPESIALEVELDLEKSIKOGRAFIE, GLOSSARIUM, ELEKTRONIESE KORPORA
Abstraction and Detail in Experimental Design Brutger, Ryan; Kertzer, Joshua D.; Renshon, Jonathan ...
American journal of political science,
10/2023, Volume:
67, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Abstract
Political scientists designing experiments often face the question of how abstract or detailed their experimental stimuli should be. Typically, this question is framed in terms of trade‐offs ...relating to experimental control and generalizability: the more context introduced into studies, the less control, and the more difficulty generalizing the results. Yet, we have reason to question this trade‐off, and there is relatively little systematic evidence to rely on when calibrating the degree of abstraction in studies. We make two contributions. First, we provide a theoretical framework that identifies and considers the consequences of three dimensions of abstraction in experimental design: situational hypotheticality, actor identity, and contextual detail. Second, we replicate and extend three survey experiments, varying these levels of abstraction. We find no evidence that situational hypotheticality substantively changes results in any of our studies, but do find that increased contextual detail dampens treatment effects, and that the salience of actor identities moderates results in our endorsement experiment.
The criminal laws of the Republic of Lithuania defend and protect the most important values of human life. One of them is ensuring a proper and speedy criminal procedure, both when a person has been ...victimized by a criminal act, and also for persons who are being prosecuted. Although this individual right is guaranteed in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania), the criminal procedure often lasts too long, violating the right of individuals to a speedy trial. What are the main problems that determine the delay of the investigation, how often is the delay of the procedure determined, and what are the possible consequences if the process is delayed for reasons other than objective ones – this is the main goal and relevance of this study. In this article, in order to determine the main reasons for the delay of both the pre-trial investigation and the judicial examination, an analysis of scientific literature and normative legal acts was carried out, as well as a qualitative study of the analysis of case law, which reveals the theoretical and practical issues of the implementation of criminal procedure deadlines. The scope of the study is the analysis of rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and decisions of courts of general competence of the Republic of Lithuania in the period from 2014 to 2019 in criminal cases. The decisions made by the courts have been chosen, taking into account the most relevant insights, in order to reveal the problems of the implementation of the terms of the criminal procedure, as well as their observance without violating the rights and freedoms of individuals. In this article, in order to determine the main reasons for the delay of both the pre-trial investigation and the trial, the practice of both the national courts of general competence and the European Court of Human Rights was analysed. This research methodology aimed to analyse the main problem of this research - insufficient legal regulation, which would ensure the duty of law enforcement authorities to quickly and thoroughly reveal and investigate criminal acts, as well as to examine the case in court as soon as possible. The relevance of the issue lies in the possible consequences which arise when the duration of the criminal proceedings is recognized to be too long in Lithuania, in that case, the law provides for a lighter criminal liability for the defendant, which presupposes another possible legal problematic aspect: will the goals of the punishment be achieved if the sentence of the court of law is reduced due to the lengthy criminal procedure? Conclusions have been made regarding the impending consequences that may be caused by the length of the criminal procedure over a rather long period of time.
The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, ...implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.
Complex social determinants of health may not be easily recognized by health care providers and pose a unique challenge in the vulnerable pediatric population where patients may not be able to ...advocate for themselves. The goal of this study was to examine the acceptability and feasibility of health care providers using an integrated brief pediatric screening tool in primary care and hospital settings.
The framework of the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) and Pediatric Intermed tools was used to inform the selection of items for the 9-item Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Pediatric Complexity Indicator (CANS-PCI). The tool consisted of three domains: biological, psychological, and social. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with health care providers in pediatric medical facilities in Ottawa, Canada. A low inference and iterative thematic synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative interview data specific to acceptability and feasibility.
Thirteen health care providers participated in interviews. Six overarching themes were identified: acceptability, logistics, feasibility, pros/cons, risk, and privacy. Overall, participants agreed that a routine, trained provider-led pediatric tool for the screening of social determinants of health is important (n = 10, 76.9%), acceptable (n = 11; 84.6%), and feasible (n = 7, 53.8%).
Though the importance of social determinants of health are widely recognized, there are limited systematic methods of assessing, describing, and communicating amongst health care providers about the biomedical and psychosocial complexities of pediatric patients. Based on this study's findings, implementation of a brief provider-led screening tool into pediatric care practices may contribute to this gap.
We propose a “dominant currency paradigm” with three key features: dominant currency pricing, pricing complementarities, and imported inputs in production. We test this paradigm using a new dataset ...of bilateral price and volume indices for more than 2,500 country pairs that covers 91 percent of world trade, as well as detailed firm-product-country data for Colombian exports and imports. In strong support of the paradigm we find that (i) noncommodities terms-of-trade are uncorrelated with exchange rates; (ii) the dollar exchange rate quantitatively dominates the bilateral exchange rate in price pass-through and trade elasticity regressions, and this effect is increasing in the share of imports invoiced in dollars; (iii) US import volumes are significantly less sensitive to bilateral exchange rates, compared to other countries’ imports; (iv) a 1 percent US dollar appreciation against all other currencies predicts a 0.6 percent decline within a year in the volume of total trade between countries in the rest of the world, controlling for the global business cycle. We characterize the transmission of, and spillovers from, monetary policy shocks in this environment.
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