Idiosyncratic Terrorism Norris, Jesse J.
Perspectives on terrorism (Lowell),
06/2020, Volume:
14, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Open access
It is widely recognized that some terrorism is idiosyncratic, and indeed, some define lone-actor terrorism as inherently idiosyncratic. Yet the notion of idiosyncratic terrorism remains undefined and ...undertheorized. What exactly does it mean for terrorists to be idiosyncratic, and why does it matter? To disaggregate and further develop this undertheorized concept, this article identifies four dimensions of idiosyncrasy among terrorists, each of which can be divided into subtypes: idiosyncratic ideologies, tactics, strategic thinking, and motives. Empirical examples of each are provided for both lone-actor and group-based terrorism. In addition, five case studies of idiosyncratic terrorism are presented. Potential implications for further theoretical and empirical inquiries, and for counterterrorism policy, are explored.
The 9/11 terrorist attacks opened America’s eyes to a frightening world of enemies surrounding us. But have our eyes opened wide enough to see how our experiences compare with other nations’ efforts ...to confront and prevent terrorism? Other democracies have long histories of confronting both international and domestic terrorism. Some have undertaken progressively more stringent counterterrorist measures in the name of national security and the safety of citizens. The Consequences of Counterterrorism examines the political costs and challenges democratic governments face in confronting terrorism.Using historical and comparative perspectives, The Consequences of Counterterrorism presents thematic analyses as well as case studies of Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Japan, and Israel. Contributor John Finn compares post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation in the United States, Europe, Canada, and India to demonstrate the effects of hastily drawn policies on civil liberties and constitutional norms. Chantal de Jonge Oudraat and Jean-Luc Marret assert that terrorist designation lists are more widespread internationally than ever before. The authors examine why governments and international organizations use such lists, how they work, and why they are ineffective tools. Gallya Lahav shows how immigration policy has become inextricably linked to security in the EU and compares the European fear of internal threats to the American fear of external ones. A chapter by Dirk Haubrich explains variation in the British government’s willingness to compromise democratic principles according to different threats. In his look at Spain and Northern Ireland, Rogelio Alonso asserts that restricting the rights of those who perpetrate ethnonationalist violence may be acceptable in order to protect the rights of citizens who are victims of such violence. Jeremy Shapiro considers how the French response to terrorist threats has become more coercive during the last fifty years. Israel’s “war model” of counterterrorism has failed, Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger argue, and is largely the result of the military elite’s influence on state institutions. Giovanni Cappocia explains how Germany has protected basic norms and institutions. In contrast, David Leheny stresses the significance of change in Japan’s policies. Preventing and countering terrorism is now a key policy priority for many liberal democratic states. As The Consequences of Counterterrorism makes clear, counterterrorist policies have the potential to undermine the democratic principles, institutions, and processes they seek to preserve.
Advances in Internet Technologies (ITs) and online social networks have made more benefits to humanity. At the same time, the dark side of this growth/benefit has led to increased hate speech and ...terrorism as most common and powerful threats globally. Hate speech is an offensive kind of communication mechanism that expresses an ideology of hate using stereotypes. Hate speech targets different protected characteristics such as gender, religion, race, and disability. Control of hate speech can be made using different national and international legal frameworks. Any intentional act directed against life or related entities causing a common danger is known as terrorism. There is a common practice of discussing or debating hate speech and terrorism separately. In the recent past, most of the research articles have discussed either hate speech or terrorism. Hate speech is a type of terrorism and follows an incident or trigger event of terrorism. Online social networks are the result of ITs and evolved rapidly through the popularity among youth. As both the activities are near to close and makes use of online social networks, the collective discussion is appropriate. Therefore we have a review on hate speech with different classes and terrorism with cyber use in the framework of online social networks. With the help of combined effort from the government, the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and online social networks, the proper policies can be framed to counter both hate speech and terrorism efficiently and effectively.
•A collective review on hate speech and terrorism in the framework of online social networks•Freedom of expression may be the one of the causes to occur hate speech.•Laws on hate speech are not same in all the countries.•Terrorist attacks lead to generation and propagation of hate speech over the internet.•With terrorist organizations, women are undervalued and considered differently based on the situation.
City tourism is a growing segment of world tourism, with European capitals performing especially well in the last decade. However, a recurring threat to this success is the unexpected occurrence of ...terrorism events, affecting both tourists' behaviour and destination image. This paper analyses the relationship between tourists' perceived risk from terrorism and the image of the destination, and the effect on behavioural intentions, taking into account the moderating role of the type of city destination in regards to the impact of terrorist attacks. The theoretical model is assessed utilising a structural equations approach on a sample of potential tourists focusing on European capitals. The sample is divided into two groups of destinations: cities that have suffered major terrorist attacks and those that have not. The results show that the destination moderates the causal relationship. The results are interesting in terms of evaluating the policies of counter-terrorism and destination image restoration at city tourism destinations.
•Terrorism risk perception has a negative and significant effect on city image and behavioural intentions (Structural model)•Terrorism-hit is relevant moderator of the influence of terrorism risk perception on city image and visit intention (Moderating effect)•Special attention needs to be paid in tourism marketing and communication by tourist destinations managements in order to mitigate the terrorism risk perception by tourists
Neil Krishan Aggarwal's timely study finds that mental-health and biomedical professionals have created new forms of knowledge and practice in their desire to understand and fight terrorism. In the ...process, the state has used psychiatrists and psychologists to furnish knowledge on undesirable populations, and psychiatrists and psychologists have protected state interests. Professional interpretation, like all interpretations, is subject to cultural forces. Drawing on cultural psychiatry and medical anthropology, Aggarwal analyzes the transformation of definitions for normal and abnormal behavior in a vast array of sources: government documents, professional bioethical debates, legal motions and opinions, psychiatric and psychological scholarship, media publications, and policy briefs. Critical themes emerge on the use of mental health in awarding or denying disability to returning veterans, characterizing the confinement of Guantánamo detainees, contextualizing the actions of suicide bombers, portraying Muslim and Arab populations in psychiatric and psychological scholarship, illustrating bioethical issues in the treatment of detainees, and supplying the knowledge and practice to deradicalize terrorists. Throughout, Aggarwal explores this fascinating, troublesome transformation of mental-health science into a potential instrument of counterterrorism.
We analyze the determinants of the origin of domestic and international terrorism in a large panel data set of 159 countries spanning from 1970 to 2007. We show that terror increases with GDP per ...capita, a higher polity score measuring a more open and competitive political system and experiences of domestic conflict, anarchy and regime transitions. Our evidence thus contradicts the notion that terrorism is rooted in economic deprivation or that strongly autocratic regimes breed more terrorists. Rather we show that weak or failing states are an incubator for terrorism. We also show that the causes of domestic terror and international terror are similar.
► We analyze the determinants of the origin of terror in a large panel data set covering 159 countries for 1970–2007. ► It is the first comprehensive study using a data set that covers also domestic terror (85 % of all incidents). ► We carefully use various measures for (i) income and economic development, (ii) political regime and democracy, (iii) political stability, transition and failed states. ► We find that terror is not rooted in economic deprivation, strongly autocratic regimes do not breed more terror, failing states are a hotbed for terror and past conflicts increase terror.
Al-Nusra Front Pierpaoli, Paul
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century : An Encyclopedia and Document Collection: A-F,
2019
Reference
Lod Airport Massacre (May 30, 1972) Pierpaoli, Paul
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century : An Encyclopedia and Document Collection: G-N,
2019
Reference
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