Typing testimony Graham, Peter J.
Synthese (Dordrecht),
12/2021, Volume:
199, Issue:
3-4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper argues that as a name for a speech act, epistemologists typically use ‘testimony’ in a specialist sense that is more or less synonymous with ‘assertion’, but as a name for a distinctive ...speech act type in ordinary English, ‘testimony’ names a unique confirmative speech act type. Hence, like any good English word, ‘testimony’ has more than one sense. The paper then addresses the use of ‘testimony’ in epistemology to denote a distinctive kind of evidence: testimonial evidence. Standing views of a hearer’s testimonial evidence see it as partly supervening on a speaker’s assertion that P. The paper argues for a broader account that sees a hearer’s (receiver’s) testimonial evidence as partly supervening instead on the hearer’s representation as of a speaker meaning that P. This broader account is the
comprehension view
of testimonial evidence. The upshot is that not all so-called “testimony-based beliefs” are caused by a speaker’s testimony.
The authors aim to ―drill‖ into the complex issue of the testimonial evidence, through a fresher approach, thus being interested, besides the purely legal aspect, also in the historical, sociological ...and even psychological perspective.
Este artigo busca desvendar, pela perspectiva dos estudos sobre Falsas Memórias, a falibilidade dos relatos testemunhais no Processo Penal, em especial nos casos em que a prova oral é aceita como ...exclusivo meio probatório para a resolução do litígio. Sob o entendimento que a memória humana é falha, estando sujeita ao esquecimento e contaminações, percebeu-se que o relato testemunhal, bem como o reconhecimento de pessoas pela vítima, nem sempre será preciso e fidedigno, estando estes processos sujeitos a erros que podem culminar em desastrosas consequências no Processo; em especial quando estuda-se os crimes contra a dignidade sexual, os quais dependem em grande medida da prova testemunhal para sua solução. O estudo das Falsas Memórias no Direito se faz indispensável, na medida que ao entender o melhor funcionamento do fenômeno, podem ser tomadas atitudes que facilitam a identificação da problemática, bem como medidas que visem a redução dos danos, tornando a prova testemunhal um meio probatório mais seguro. Por esta razão neste trabalho, por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa do tema, é realizado um estudo sobre a prova testemunhal, sobre o funcionamento da memória humana e sobre os diversos aspectos que circundam o fenômeno das Falsas Memórias. Tendo constatado a fragilidade do testemunho, sob a ótica da falibilidade da memória, este trabalho se mostra valoroso, sobretudo, enquanto aponta o quão defasado está o tratamento dado a prova testemunhal e quão grave são suas consequências.
The crime possibly perpetrated by a doctor named Vicente Urbino de Freitas in 1890 is one of the most famous cases of poisoning, and it had echoes in the Portuguese and foreign press for several ...decades. This prestigious doctor was convicted of the fatal poisoning of his nephew. He also attempted the homicide of two nieces and his mother-in-law, who only escaped because they obstinately refused to comply with the "therapeutics" prescribed by the family doctor. The motive of the crime should have been Vicente Urbino de Freitas' ambition to receive the family inheritance of his wife, the daughter of the well-known merchant José António Sampaio of Flores Street in Porto. Vicente Urbino de Freitas was convicted but doubt about his guilt persists for more than a century. This second work aimed to collect and analyse all the relevant and contradictory testimonial evidence of the prosecution and defence witnesses. This case represents an odd historical record obtained through more than 12 years of research on the first major significant Portuguese forensic case. Rare and unprecedented testimonial evidence and photographs were obtained from different countries and then repaired, since these also provide an important historical record of the medical photography.
Declarations were introduced in our legal system as a legal duty and a means of evidence through a third party on facts that are of interest to the proceedings. For its judicial practice, the General ...Proceedings Code established a series of requirements that must contain a request for proof, which, if not complied with, the result is full denial. The purpose of this article is to analyze each of these requirements and the reason for its positivization, delimiting its study to the decree of the test in the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction. For such purpose, different academic and jurisprudential opinions were considered, and based on them it was concluded that the require-ments set forth in the rule, to access third parties declarations, are not just a mere formality, but they meet specific purposes within the proceedings, such as identifying and locating witnesses; determining the relevance, propriety, and usefulness of evidence, in addition to ensuring the right to contradiction of the counterparty.
El testimonio fue instaurado en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico como un deber legal y un medio de prueba consistente en la declaración que hace un tercero sobre hechos que interesan al proceso. Para su práctica judicial, el Código General del Proceso estableció una serie de requisitos que debe contener la petición de la prueba, los cuales, de no cumplirse, conllevan a su denegatoria. El objetivo de este artículo es justamente analizar cada uno de estos reque-rimientos y el porqué de su positivización, delimitando su estudio al decreto de la prueba en la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Para el efecto, se tomaron como referencia distintos pronunciamientos académicos y jurisprudenciales, a partir de los cuales se concluye que los requisitos que establece la norma, para acceder a la declaración de terceros, no son una simple formalidad, sino que cumplen unos fines específicos dentro del trámite procesal, como son: lograr la identificación y localización del testigo; determinar la pertinencia, conducencia y utilidad de la prueba, y garantizar el derecho de contradicción de la contraparte.
Television is a powerful medium through which to convey information and messages to the public. The recent proliferation of forensic science and criminal justice information throughout all forms of ...media, coupled with raised expectations toward forensic evidence, has led some to suspect that a “CSI effect” (Crime Scene Investigation effect) is taking place. The present study contributes to the literature addressing the CSI effect in two ways. First, it examines whether the CSI effect exists in the Chinese population of Hong Kong. Second, using a mock-jury paradigm, it empirically examines a more integrative perspective of the CSI effect. It was found that, although the amount of media coverage involving forensic evidence does influence participants’ perception of legal evidence to some degree, such a perception does not affect participants’ legal decision making. Viewers of forensic dramas were not more likely to convict the defendant when forensic evidence was presented and not less likely to convict when only testimonial evidence was presented. The only significant predictor of the defendant’s culpability when scientific evidence was presented was participants’ ratings of the reliability of scientific evidence. Results from the present study lend no support to the existence of the CSI effect in Hong Kong.
The French Law of evidence is at the crossroad between procedural law and civil law. As part of the procedural law, it is governed by general principles set out by the Code de procédure civile, such ...as the contradictory principle, the principle of public hearing or the free disposition principle, which means that the parties define the framework of the proceeding and that the judge cannot base his decision on facts that were not put forward by the parties themselves. It is also the Code de procédure civile that organises the respective roles of the judge and the parties for the taking of evidence: since 1976, it imposes a – rather complex – balance between adversarial and inquisitorial principles. Other general principles were set by case law, e.g. the principle that no one can pre-constitute evidence in his own favour or the principle of fair evidence. On the other hand, more substantive rules are to be found in the Code civil. These rules mix two systems, the system of the preuve morale, applicable in some specific litigation, and the system of the preuve légale, which is clearly dominant in civil litigation. In the first system, evidence is in principle free, which means not only that any mode of proof is admissible, but also that assessment of evidence by the judges is free. In the second one, only determined means of evidence are admissible and their probative force is often set out by law. A majority of evidence rules derive more or less directly from this summa divisio. In fact, the predominance of the preuve légale system has made the French system of evidence rather rigid, in particular regarding the exaggerated importance of written evidence.
This essay explores how rules for handling testimonial evidence were developed in the contexts of the British jurisprudence, epistemology and theological debate over the course of the eighteenth ...century, and shows how Thomas Paine appropriated these rules in The Age of Reason, his deistic manifesto. (Author abstract)
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental el análisis del marco teórico y jurisprudencial del testimonio de las víctimas ante los Tribunales Penales Internacionales creados para juzgar los ...hechos cometidos en los territorios de la ex Yugoslavia y Ruanda. Se analizan sus derechos, obligaciones, la relevancia del testimonio y el valor probatorio de éste. Todos estos aspectos son analizados aportando datos obtenidos principalmente de las resoluciones judiciales que sirven para demostrar que, a pesar de que la víctima no es parte en el proceso y de las dificultades que tiene para actuar como testigo, ha sido su testimonio la principal prueba que ha servido para fundamentar la culpabilidad de los sujetos que cometieron estos horrendos crímenes.
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