In this provocative book, Nicholas Daly tracks the cultural effects of the population explosion of the nineteenth century, the 'demographic transition' to the modern world. As the crowded cities of ...Paris, London and New York went through similar transformations, a set of shared narratives and images of urban life circulated among them, including fantasies of urban catastrophe, crime dramas, and tales of haunted public transport, refracting the hell that is other people. In the visual arts, sentimental genre pictures appeared that condensed the urban masses into a handful of vulnerable figures: newsboys and flower-girls. At the end of the century, proto-ecological stories emerge about the sprawling city as itself a destroyer. This lively study excavates some of the origins of our own international popular culture, from noir visions of the city as a locus of crime, to utopian images of energy and community.
The crystal chemistry of spin crossover (SCO) behavior in coordination compounds can potentially be in association with smart materials—promising materials for applications as components of memory ...devices, displays, sensors and mechanical devices and, especially, actuators, such as artificial muscles. This Special Issue is devoted to various aspects of SCO and related research, comprising 18 interesting original papers on valuable and important SCO topics. Significant and fundamental scientific attention has been focused on the SCO phenomena in a wide research range of fields of fundamental chemical and physical and related sciences, containing the interdisciplinary regions of chemical and physical sciences related to the SCO phenomena. Coordination materials with bistable systems between the LS and the HS states are usually triggered by external stimuli, such as temperature, light, pressure, guest molecule inclusion, soft X-ray, and nuclear decay. Since the first Hofmann-like spin crossover (SCO) behavior in {Fe(py)2Ni(CN)4}n (py = pyridine) was demonstrated, this crystal chemistry motif has been frequently used to design Fe(II) SCO materials to enable determination of the correlations between structural features and magnetic properties.
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. It is free to read, download and share on Elgaronline.com. Incisive and forward-thinking in its approach, this ...prescient book investigates the conditions of the often unstable school-to-work transition (SWT) period, calling for an improvement in labour market entry processes in order to facilitate the smooth integration of school leavers into employment. It captures the complex nature of SWTs by proposing and evaluating a new set of metrics which can act as a composite indicator of early employment security.
Searching for Majorana bound states has become an important topic because of its potential applications in topological quantum computing. 2M-phase WS2, a newly synthesized superconductor, not only ...presents the highest superconducting transition temperature (Tc = 8.8 K) among the intrinsic transition metal dichalcogenides but also is predicted to be a promising candidate as a topological superconductor. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy, we observe a U-shaped superconducting gap in 2M-WS2. Probable Majorana bound states are observed in magnetic vortices, which manifest as a non-split zero-energy state coexisting with the ordinary Caroli–de Gennes–Matricon bound states. Such non-split bound states in 2M-WS2 show highly spatial anisotropy, originating from the anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter and Fermi velocity. Due to its simple layered structure and substitution-free lattice, 2M-WS2 can be a building block to construct novel heterostructures and provides an ideal platform for the study of Majorana bound states.
Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transition (MET) have been suggested to play crucial roles in metastatic dissemination of carcinomas. These ...phenotypic transitions between states are not binary. Instead, carcinoma cells often exhibit a spectrum of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s). While epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity has been observed preclinically and clinically, whether any of these phenotypic transitions are indispensable for metastatic outgrowth remains an unanswered question. Here, we focus on epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity in metastatic dissemination and propose alternative mechanisms for successful dissemination and metastases beyond the traditional EMT/MET view. We highlight multiple hypotheses that can help reconcile conflicting observations, and outline the next set of key questions that can offer valuable insights into mechanisms of metastasis in multiple tumor models.
Here, we focus on epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity in metastatic dissemination and propose alternative mechanisms for successful dissemination and metastases beyond the traditional EMT/MET view of single‐cell dissemination. We highlight multiple hypotheses that can help reconcile conflicting observations, and outline the next set of key questions that can offer valuable insights into mechanisms of metastasis in multiple tumor models.
Metal‒insulator transitions (MITs) constitute a core subject of fundamental condensed matter research. The localization of conduction electrons occurs in a large variety of materials and engenders ...intriguing quantum phenomena such as unconventional superconductivity and exotic magnetism. Nearby an MIT, minuscule changes of the interaction strength via chemical substitution, doping, physical pressure, or even disorder can trigger spectacular resistivity changes from zero in a superconductor to infinity in an insulator near T = 0. While approaching an insulating state from the conducting side, deviations from Fermi-liquid transport in bad and strange metals are the rule rather than the exception. As the drosophila of electron‒electron interactions, the Mott MIT receives particular attention from theory as it can be studied using the Hubbard model. On the experimental side, organic charge-transfer salts and transition metal oxides are versatile platforms for working toward solving the puzzles of correlated electron systems. This Special Issue provides a view into the ongoing research endeavors investigating emergent phenomena around MITs.
Knowing the thermodynamic stability of transition metal oxide nanoparticles is important for understanding and controlling their role in a variety of industrial and environmental systems. Using ...calorimetric data on surface energies for cobalt, iron, manganese, and nickel oxide systems, we show that surface energy strongly influences their redox equilibria and phase stability. Spinels (M₃O₄) commonly have lower surface energies than metals (M), rocksalt oxides (MO), and trivalent oxides (M₂O₃) of the same metal; thus, the contraction of the stability field of the divalent oxide and expansion of the spinel field appear to be general phenomena. Using tabulated thermodynamic data for bulk phases to calculate redox phase equilibria at the nanoscale can lead to errors of several orders of magnitude in oxygen fugacity and of 100 to 200 kelvin in temperature.
The derivation of metal–organic framework (MOF) to transition metal chalcogenides (TMC) (where CS, Se, and Te) and their applications in the electrochemical energy storage device and conversion ...systems.
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•Metal-organic framework (MOF) and their current development.•Synthesis and derivation of MOF to transition metal chalcogenides (TMC).•MOF-derived TMC (S, Se, and Te) in electrochemical energy storage and conversion.•Future perspective in MOF-derived TMC: their challenges and opportunities.
Metal-organic framework (MOF) is one of the well-investigated nanomaterials with favorable properties exhibiting high surface area and tailorable porosity. In energy storage systems, MOFs have been highly anticipated as templates to obtain the desired properties of MOF-based nanomaterials. Such products of MOF-derived porous carbon, metal/metal oxide, and metal/metal oxide@C have shown exemplary performance in electrochemical energy storage devices. However, the growing studies of MOF-inspired derivation into the chalcogenide group of sulfide, selenide, and telluride have not fully been explored. This review reports the development of MOFs from their initial pristine state to their highly functionalized MOF-derived forms. Particularly, we report the current methodologies and challenges for obtaining MOF-derived transition metal chalcogenides (TMC representing S, Se, and Te). Such advantages of MOF-derived TMC are then explored in electrochemical applications including batteries (lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and potassium-ion), supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis (hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction). The review concludes by addressing the challenges and future perspectives of MOF toward its commercialization in electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
•An algebraic model is proposed for prediction of bypass and separation-induced transition.•The model only uses local variables.•Good results are obtained for transition in attached and separated ...boundary layers.•Good results are obtained for simulation of wake-induced transition.
An algebraic model using the intermittency concept is proposed for laminar to turbulent transition in attached and separated boundary layers. The model modifies the production terms of the k–ω RANS turbulence model by Wilcox. For attached flows, the model describes bypass transition by taking into account two main effects, which are damping of high-frequency disturbances by a laminar shear layer and breakdown of a near-wall laminar layer perturbed by streaks. For separated flow, the model describes breakdown of a laminar free shear layer. The proposed model is a modified and extended version of an earlier model by the authors for bypass transition only (Kubacki and Dick, Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, 58, 68–83, 2016).
The primary tuning of the model has been done with flat plate T3C flows of ERCOFTAC with steady approaching flow, relevant for bypass transition and separation-induced transition. Secondary tuning has been done with two cascades with steady approaching flow at high turbulence level, one with N3-60 (Re= 6×105) steam turbine stator vanes and one with V103 (Re= 1.385×105) compressor blades. Model validation has been done for steady approaching flows of the same cascades, but including a case with low level of free-stream turbulence, and for a cascade with T106A (Re= 1.6×105) gas turbine rotor blades for high and low levels of free-stream turbulence. Further validation has been done for flow perturbed by travelling wakes through a cascade of N3-60 vanes at high and low levels of background turbulence level. The transition model produces good results for all cases, both for bypass transition in attached boundary layer state and for transition in separated boundary layer state.
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