The research is aimed at describing the strategies used by translator. The strategies here is that the translator deals with idioms. The study is qualitative analysis. The data of this study were ...analyzed by using two steps. First, analyzing the translation work and the reason why the translators did it. Second, writing them down and comparing the source text and the target text. The strategies used in the subtitle translation according to Baker’s theory consists of four strategies of translation, those are: translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrasing and translation by omission. There are 70 idiomatic expressions, which are divided into four part as the strategies used by the translator and, the dominant strategy used by Qoryati as the translator is translation by paraphrase which appears in 62 cases.3 of them were translated by omission. Meanwhile, 3 of them were translated by the strategy of translation using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and the last, 2 of them were translated by the strategy of translation using idiom of similar meaning and form. These strategies will help the translator to deal with the problems in translating idiomatics expressions in subtitle translation, these strategies are used in to make the result of translation not only enjoyable but also meaningful for the readers.
Identifying, developing, and testing implementation strategies are important goals of implementation science. However, these efforts have been complicated by the use of inconsistent language and ...inadequate descriptions of implementation strategies in the literature. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) study aimed to refine a published compilation of implementation strategy terms and definitions by systematically gathering input from a wide range of stakeholders with expertise in implementation science and clinical practice.
Purposive sampling was used to recruit a panel of experts in implementation and clinical practice who engaged in three rounds of a modified Delphi process to generate consensus on implementation strategies and definitions. The first and second rounds involved Web-based surveys soliciting comments on implementation strategy terms and definitions. After each round, iterative refinements were made based upon participant feedback. The third round involved a live polling and consensus process via a Web-based platform and conference call.
Participants identified substantial concerns with 31% of the terms and/or definitions and suggested five additional strategies. Seventy-five percent of definitions from the originally published compilation of strategies were retained after voting. Ultimately, the expert panel reached consensus on a final compilation of 73 implementation strategies.
This research advances the field by improving the conceptual clarity, relevance, and comprehensiveness of implementation strategies that can be used in isolation or combination in implementation research and practice. Future phases of ERIC will focus on developing conceptually distinct categories of strategies as well as ratings for each strategy's importance and feasibility. Next, the expert panel will recommend multifaceted strategies for hypothetical yet real-world scenarios that vary by sites' endorsement of evidence-based programs and practices and the strength of contextual supports that surround the effort.
This research attempted to find out translation strategies applied by the fifth-semester students of English Education Study Program in translating English written texts into Indonesian. It was ...conducted by applying descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach. The subject of the research were 61 pieces of translation task collected from the lecturer into taught translation subject. Data of this research were collected from the students’ assignment about Explanation text given by the lecturer. . The data analysis was done by using translation techniques theory proposed by Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003). The results of this research revealed that the use of each translation strategy varied in terms of frequency. The translation strategies used by the students from the most dominant to the least dominant respectively were as follows ; 1) Borrowing (56.61%); 2) Omission (29.41%); 3) Synonym (6.80%), 4) Addition (3.49%), 5) and Transposition (3.49%). The applications of reduction and expansion were not found. Among all the five translation strategies found in the students’ translation works, omission, synonym and borrowing were accurately applied. Furthermore, addition and transposition were not accurately and successfully applied by the students.
To maintain cultural conformity and moral standards and ensure the target language can receive the message. Translators often use translation strategies that replace or disguise taboo words with more ...neutral and polite expressions to express the same message. Therefore, this study attempts to identify translation strategies and the implications of using those strategies. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the data source "Big Little Lies series", taken from the HBO website and translated by Dhani as a free translator. The data is taken only for taboo words that have euphemism meanings in the target language. From the 145 data collected, Mona Baker's 5 strategies were found, namely (1) Omission translation strategy with many as 50 data, (2) Less expressive translation strategy with many as 38 data, (3) Paraphrase translation strategy with related words with many as 29 data, (4) There 23 data are borrowing translation strategies, and (5) 14 data that uses translation strategies using more common words. Using those strategies has implications for reducing the emotional value of the source language, saving the esteem of the viewer, and smoothing the use of taboo words so that their usage can be accepted in the target language's culture.
In this paper we have analysed a graphic novel “Maus. A survivor tale” by Art Spiegelman as well as some variants of its translations in the framework of theory of multimodal discourse analysis (ADM) ...(O`Halloran). The article focuses on analysing the corpus of investigation on its language and nonlanguage level. The aim of the research is to explain in terms of the multimodal discourse analysis theory of main principles of graphic novel translation while observing the way of source language graphic novel transmutation and reconstructing its architecture in the target novel. The methods having been applied in the present paper are those of linguistic observation and description, empiric comparison of translation variants and translation results analysis using ADM tools. Applying methods of ADM in the process of analysing graphic novel results from the necessity to respond to the main challenges of ADM theory for the studies in theory and practice of translation, as well as semiotics and general linguistics. The objectives of the article are to outline the iconic-textual structure of the graphic novel under the analysis, to characterise the visual level of the investigated graphic novel, to generalise arising problems to the translator. The concept of multimodality derived from semiotics is being studied in the article explaining the reason for applying the multimodal approach in the study of the graphic novel. Modalities represented in the graphic novel on non-language level are systematised through different types of multimodal phenomena and their relevance for target text meanings transcreation is described. Both visual and language modalities, which are important for the construction of the meaning, are focused attention to and the multimodal phenomena are piled and systematised in the article. The relationship between the visual and written modalities are discussed and the role and importance for the translation process are explained. Until now there are different investigations of the Maus, but there is no investigation from the multimodal perspective. The investigators focuse on the discursive and pragmatic part, as well as on the expressive value of the work, compare the characteristics of the translation; draw attention to the problems of the literary style of the work Maus; study the role of images in the creation of the work. However, there is still no study of graphic novels from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. By means of a series of operations of translation techniques the original text is reconstructed in the translation variant. It involves compressing or widening of the original text, removing inconsistencies between different modalities, reinterpreting “language shell” so that a semiotic content could be preserved and the author’s message transmitted without corruption, for that redrawing some characters or chapters, removing, or replacing some visual symbols with different ones. Illustrative material shows a certain logic scheme to follow the process of translation taking into consideration different multimodal phenomena, as well as the absence of some of its constituents. On the one hand, extralinguistic objects engraved in pictures of the graphic novel may present the reason for the translation technique of addition, and on the other hand the absence of some details in the pictures may justify the translation technique of omission. Evaluating functional types of multimodal phenomena also may lead one to adequate selection of synonyms or a phrase to choose in a process of translation having as a “guide” visual image supporting language level of a graphic novel. The term “graphic novel” is specified as well as the difference between terms “comic” and “graphic novel” is outlined. Graphic novel format is proved to assimilate to the literary novel with the content of memoirs, autobiography, history, documentary reports etc. Maus is the first graphic novel dealing with Holocaust theme aimed at the adult audience. According to the definition of the graphic novel, Maus is seen to share discursive mechanisms with visual narrative instruments, embedded in multimodal phenomena. The types of multimodal phenomena are selected in the present investigation and grouped with illustrative examples taken from the corpus. In the framework of ADM theory, the selection of translation techniques and operations are justified, and the reasons for certain translation variants are explained. As it is shown in the paper, graphic novel translation differs from literal one. The most important characteristics of graphic novel translation distinguishing this genre of literature have been outlined: 1) the graphic novel translation unit obligatory consists of both verbal and visual parts; 2) the intonation of the characters of the graphic novel is a part of a style and is taken into consideration in the course of translation; 3) visual part of the graphic novel is presented by multimodal phenomena that influence the strategies of translation. General recommendations for the translation of the historic graphic novel have been given, mainly: 1) for the purpose of collecting information from the visual part. It is recommended to read and discover the entire content of the novel before starting the translation, paying attention to the multimodal phenomena and their types mentioned in this article. Attention is paid to past events, other extralinguistic meaningful objects. An individual language style is translated with the same style and is maintained throughout the text; 2) on the language level, it is recommended to choose at least the sentence as the minimum translation unit of the graphic novel using substitution techniques within the unit as long as the final sentence reflects the same message. However, the largest translation unit can be chosen. Appropriate options are a speech bubble (speech bubbles) or the entire page. Bubbles (speech balloons) often contain colloquial speech, which differs much more between languages than literal text of a book. The ease of colloquial speech is nearly impossible to achieve without the freedom to change the order, composition, and number of sentences. Often, it is not the character-specific phrases that need to be translated, but rather the emotion of outrage or joy, recreating it using the character’s language (such as the speech of the immigrant, the main character, Vladek, or his wife); 3) the use of bold. It is understood that it is not necessary to use bold type in the same units that appear in the original. The most important thing is to convey the same meaning and intonation in the translation avoiding the “word for word” translation; 4) the language style of the author and the characters. The author and the characters of the graphic novel have their own language style, which is part of the meaning. Characters may have their own characteristic expressions and circumstances that explain the choice of phrase translations. After reading the text and visualising the novel, it becomes clearer what type of the target text of the protagonist should be created to remain truthful and sound natural; 5) “Litmus paper”. It is recommended to read the translation after a couple of days without looking at the original text thinking about whether or not the author would choose the same words, style, intonation; 6) Culture references create a certain atmosphere and are translated (6.1) literally as in the example of gefiltefish translation or (6.2) simplification is used the culture in case of translation of the same unit into Russian рыбафиш; 7) translation of anthroponyms and proper names. It is not recommended to translate the proper names of the historical graphic novel taking into account the documentary part of the novel. The same variants of anthroponyms are maintained throughout the text; 8) accuracy is the second priority after avoiding meaning corruption. One should try to preserve accuracy if it is possible, respecting the condition of preserving the meaning without corrupting it. To achieve the effect of equal perception of the novel by the reader both in the original language and in the translation language, two things are needed: understanding what is said in the original text and reconstructing it in the target text. The ADM theory, in this respect, is the tool to achieve the most adequacy and the most accuracy at the same time.
In idiom translation, strategies are employed to find equivalent results from the source language to the target language. There are challenges in translating idioms. The purpose of this study is to ...find idiom translation strategies in the novel Rich People Problems. In addition to idiom translation strategies, this article also aims to classify idioms in the novel. This study used a qualitative method and was supported by quantitative data using sampling technique. As a result, as Baker (2018) explaines, this article has three idiom translation strategies. They are (1) translation using paraphrase, (2) translation by the omission of a play, and (3) translation by the omission of the entire idiom. However, there are three strategies that are not used in this article. They are borrowing the source language idiom, using an idiom of similar meaning and form, and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form. Translation by paraphrasing is the most dominant strategy used to translate the idioms in this article, at a rate of 64.29%. In addition, this article also has the types of idioms proposed by Makkai (1972). These are (1) phrasal verb idioms, (2) tournure idioms, and the last (3) irreversible binomial idioms. Therefore, the main use of translating idioms by paraphrase may be due to time constraints for the translator due to the deadline for determining the idiom equivalences in the target language.
Simile is much less investigated than metaphor, although it occurs as frequently in discourse. This paper aims to provide an account of similes in English, which serves as the starting point for an ...exploration of the problems they can pose when translated into Italian. First, it deals with the nature and function of similes, the criteria for their classification, and their interpretation. Then, it examines a range of similes illustrating the translation problems they can pose, and discusses the strategies to adopt for each problem stated. The data discussed are taken from English texts belonging to various textual genres, and their translations into Italian.
Swearing is exploited to release strong emotions, attack the interlocutor's face and build interpersonal solidarity, both in spontaneous interactions and in film. In audiovisual translation, it tends ...to be toned down or omitted, with research mostly explaining neutralisation as censorship-driven and treating the translation of taboo language as an internally-undifferentiated, arbitrary procedure. In the present corpus-based study we move away from the external, socio-cultural motivations for loss to assess whether specific pragmatic, structural-functional and textual dimensions of swearing account for preferred translational strategies and impact the translational outcomes. All occurrences of F-words in a parallel corpus of Anglophone films and their Italian translations are examined in their bilingual concordances at the utterance level and in the wider multimodal context. The quantitative and qualitative analyses outline the interaction between structural-functional patterns and pragmatic functions with reference to the translation strategies of full translation, mitigation, de-swearing and omission. The findings unveil coherence in Italian translators' preferences for pragmatically-motivated cross-linguistically viable language patterns which foreground the heightened emotional charge and the abusive dimensions of taboo words, thus pointing to a principled approach to translational solutions which boost the conflictuality intrinsic to film.
•Swearwords are employed at an increasing rate in Anglophone films.•F-words are typically toned down in Italian film dubbing.•The translation of swearwords is motivated and internally-driven.•Structural-functional categories and pragmatic functions drive translation patterns.•Full translations of F-words enhance emotionality, offensiveness and conflictuality.
The process of translation is not as easy as it seems. In fact, it is much harder. The translation result must fulfill certain criteria namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability. During the ...process of translation, the translator surely encounters some difficulties or barrier. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the students’ strategies in overcoming the translation difficulties. The method of the research was a descriptive case-study. The subject of the research was 10 students of English Education Department at Universitas Majalengka. The data was collected from the translation test, questionnaire, and interview. Most of the data analysis of this research was conveyed in non-statistical analysis. However, the researcher provided data to see the percentage and frequencies to support the research. The results showed that the students encounter difficulties in 1) translating words that are not in dictionary; 2) translating ambiguous words; 3) translating long sentences; 4) translating phrases; 5) translating complex sentence; and 6) translating idioms. In translating idioms, 50% used literal translation, 30% used discursive creation, and 20% used established equivalence. In translating ambiguous words, 90% used modulation, and 10 % used literal translation. In translating phrases, 40% used reduction, 20% used discursive creation, 10% used established equivalence, and 30% used generalization.
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