Under what conditions is a newly democratic government likely to increase transparency, accountability, and responsiveness to its citizens? What incentives might there be for bureaucrats, including ...those appointed by a previously authoritarian government, to carry out the wishes of an emerging democratic regime? Responsive Democracy addresses an important problem in democratic transition and consolidation: the ability of the chief executive to control the state bureaucracy. Using three well-chosen case studies—the Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan—Jeeyang Rhee Baum explores the causes and consequences of codifying rules and procedures in a newly democratic government. In the Philippines, a president facing opposition has the option of appointing and dismissing officials at will and, therefore, has no need for administrative procedure acts. However, in South Korea and Taiwan, presidents employ such legislation to rein in recalcitrant government agencies, and, as a consequence, increase transparency, accountability, and responsiveness. Moreover, as Baum demonstrates by drawing upon surveys conducted both before and after implementation, administrative procedural reforms in South Korea and Taiwan improved public confidence in and attitudes toward democratic institutions.
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, ...what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
España cuenta con una escasa cultura de la transparencia, por lo que la «Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno» tardó en llegar más que en otros países. Desde ...entonces, ha habido un esfuerzo por parte de las instituciones públicas por abrir portales de datos accesibles. En este contexto, la evaluación de la transparencia se vuelve necesaria para asegurar que se cumple el derecho de los ciudadanos a acceder a la información pública y para asegurar que esta sea de calidad. En España, existen modelos muy diferentes de monitorización de la transparencia. Desde el punto de vista público, está el Consejo de Transparencia y Buen Gobierno y los diferentes comisionados de transparencia puestos en marcha en algunas comunidades autónomas. Por otro lado, existen diversos índices de transparencia que evalúan con indicadores la información publicada por las instituciones. En este artículo, estudiaremos la situación actual de la evaluación de la transparencia en España, analizaremos los fallos y destacaremos mejoras necesarias en este sistema.
Objective
In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
Background
The ...advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is a design principle that could support humans by making the automation’s inner workings observable (i.e., “seeing-into”). However, experimental support for this has not been systematically documented to date.
Method
Based on the PRISMA method, a broad and systematic search of the literature was performed focusing on identifying empirical research investigating the effect of transparency on central Human Factors variables.
Results
Our final sample consisted of 17 experimental studies that investigated transparency in a controlled setting. The studies typically employed three human-automation interaction types: responding to agent-generated proposals, supervisory control of agents, and monitoring only. There is an overall trend in the data pointing towards a beneficial effect of transparency. However, the data reveals variations in Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for specific tasks, agent-types, and level of integration of transparency information in primary task displays.
Conclusion
Our data suggests a promising effect of automation transparency on Situation Awareness and operator performance, without the cost of added mental workload, for instances where humans respond to agent-generated proposals and where humans have a supervisory role.
Application
Strategies to improve human performance when interacting with intelligent agents should focus on allowing humans to see into its information processing stages, considering the integration of information in existing Human Machine Interface solutions.
Modern food supply chains are complex and contain numerous stakeholders, with each performing specific roles pertaining to food production. As food supply chains become more complex, the importance ...of food production transparency increases. Several factors contribute to the need for transparency such as an increase in the global population, detection of foodborne illness outbreaks, efficient management of risks and recalls, and satisfying consumer demand. A case in point is the necessity that food production systems become more sustainable through improvements in production efficiency and reducing the wasting of resources and food. Other examples include the need for timely identification of the source of food production, in addition to requiring a more rapid knowledge of the cause of contamination during outbreaks of foodborne illness.
This review sets out to describe enabling technologies, provided by the Internet of Things (IoT), which have the potential to increase food production transparency. In addition, other technologies important for managing and using food supply chain data, such as blockchain and Big Data analytics, are reviewed. The IoT is the overarching technology which allows for data collection from multiple phases within supply chains leading to data driven transparent systems of food production.
Enabling transparency in food supply chains via implementation of technologies will require considerable effort from all stakeholders involved, resulting in many new challenges and requirements that must be addressed. These challenges and requirements range from technical issues, such as Internet connection, storage requirements, device security, and government requirements and regulations, to those concerning consumer acceptance.
•Transparent systems of food production are advantageous to stakeholders and consumers.•Emerging technologies can enhance data collection throughout supply chain procedures.•Data management platforms are important to ensure high security and quality of data.•Challenges and requirements exist for food supply chain transparency-enabling technologies.
Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works ...and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trace some of its roots in scientific and sociotechnical epistemological cultures, and present 10 limitations to its application. We specifically focus on the inadequacy of transparency for understanding and governing algorithmic systems and sketch an alternative typology of algorithmic accountability grounded in constructive engagements with the limitations of transparency ideals.
We propose a scheme to investigate the interference properties of a double optomechanically induced transparency system, which involves two charged nanomechanical resonators, coupled via Coulomb ...interaction. The results show that the opening of transparency windows is caused by a destructive interference effect only in the weak optical coupling region. For strong optical coupling, normal mode splitting dominates the transparency phenomenon. In the intermediate region, both destructive interference and normal mode splitting contribute to the transparency windows. When the Coulomb coupling is much weaker than the optical coupling, the Coulomb interaction strength linearly determines the distance between the two transparency windows, and has nearly no influence on the destructive interference effect. Otherwise, the system will work in a nonlinear region.
Using the staggered adoption of U.S. state-level pay transparency laws that improve pay transparency, we find that the probability of high-wage workers becoming entrepreneurs significantly increases ...following the adoption of such laws. Moreover, the salaries of high-wage workers significantly increase following the laws’ passage. These findings are consistent with theory suggesting that improved pay transparency increases the relative return of entrepreneurship for high-wage workers.
Pre‐registration: Why and How Simmons, Joseph; Nelson, Leif; Simonsohn, Uri
Journal of consumer psychology,
January 2021, 2021-01-00, Volume:
31, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In this article, we (1) discuss the reasons why pre‐registration is a good idea, both for the field and individual researchers, (2) respond to arguments against pre‐registration, (3) describe how to ...best write and review a pre‐registration, and (4) comment on pre‐registration’s rapidly accelerating popularity. Along the way, we describe the (big) problem that pre‐registration can solve (i.e., false positives caused by p‐hacking), while also offering viable solutions to the problems that pre‐registration cannot solve (e.g., hidden confounds or fraud). Pre‐registration does not guarantee that every published finding will be true, but without it you can safely bet that many more will be false. It is time for our field to embrace pre‐registration, while taking steps to ensure that it is done right.
This article is part of a Research Dialogue:Krishna (2021): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1211Pham & Oh (2021): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1209Simmons et al. (2021): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1207Pham & Oh (2021): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1213
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