The positive effect of nitrogen fertilization in agriculture inevitably increases residual nitrogen losses. Water pollution led to legal restrictions of some farm practices within the framework of ...the Nitrates Directive of the EU. Nevertheless, even several decades later, the situation has not improved significantly. We present a possible science-based explanation of such a state and provide it to farmers and government as a support for environmental management settings. This study aimed to compare an established approach to implementing the Nitrates Directive, specifically the climate-based zoning of nitrogen fertilization restrictions using data from the mid-20th century. We evaluated this approach by juxtaposing the initial climate data with more recent data spanning from 1991 to 2020. Subsequently, we examined this zoning framework from the perspective of the non-vegetative period, characterized by temperatures below 5 °C, which is widely acknowledged as a critical threshold for nitrogen intake by plants. We found out that i) the employed climate-born zoning does not correspond to recent climate data; ii) nonvegetation period is longer than nitrogen fertilization restrictions. Therefore, despite a noteworthy 22 day reduction in the nonvegetation period from 1961/1962 to 2019/2020, we cast doubt on the notion that the period limiting nitrogen fertilizer application should also be shortened, while admitting that there are other abiotic and biotic factors affecting nitrogen behaviour within the ecosystem.
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•Nitrogen management in the Czechia affects water quality of 11 states.•Continuous unsatisfactory water quality calls for Nitrates Directive scrutiny.•We bring climatologically based contribution to the discussion on nitrogen management.•Vegetation period in Central Europe has prolonged about 20 days over last 6 decades.•Nitrogen application bans and nonvegetation period differ about tens of days.
In 2015-2021, 58 collection pea variety samples of various morphotypes and ecological and geographical origin were studied in the field and laboratory conditions of the Falenky Breeding Station ...(Kirov region) in order to identify sources of breeding valuable traits for the creation of new varieties. For leafy morphotype samples the Krasnoufimskij 93 variety was taken as standard, for leafless morphotype – Falyonskyj usatyj. According to meteorological conditions, the years of the research contrastingly differed: the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) ranged from 0.82 (2016) to 2.57 (2019). The highest yield on average for the collection was formed in 2015 (HTC = 1.59) – 358±15 g/m2), the lowest in 2021 (HTC = 0.84) – 126±4 g/m2. The studied set of variety samples was mainly represented by medium-ripened (70-75 days on the average over the years of the research), medium-productive (201-250 g/m2) samples with a seed size of 150-250 g. There have been identified genotypes that exceeded the grain yield of standard varieties by 10% or more: Tigra (Germany) – 353 g/m2, Stabil (Austria) – 336 g/m2, Vyatich (Russia) – 308 g/m2, Flora (Russia) – 286 g/m2, G-21594 (Russia) – 283 g/m2, etc. Variety samples with high indicators of productivity elements have been identified. The highest number of fertile nodes (4.4-4.6 pcs.) was noted in leafy samples Verkholuzskaya, Ryabchik (Russia), Segio (the USA); the number of beans (6.0-6.1 pcs.) – in G-21594, Vyatich (Russia.), Ps var vittelinum – (Germany); the number of grains (24.1-27.1 pcs.) – in the variety Verkholuzskaya, G-21594, D-13560 (Russia). A higher seed productivity (5.2-5.6 g) was noted both in leafy morphotypes Grana (the USA), Omega (Moldova) and in leafless morphotype Stabil (Austria). It was found that the studied genotypes had high variability in grain yield, the number of fertile nodes, beans and grains per plant, the mass of 1000 seeds changed slightly. The statistically significant influence of the duration of the growing season on the number of fertile nodes (r = 0.27...0.60) and the number of beans per plant (r = 0.26...0.61) was established.
The results of research on the influence of plant standing density and level of mineral fertilization on growth and development of sweet corn plants of hybrid Moreland F1 on sod–podzolic soils have ...been presented. The change in influence degree of technological factors on the height of sweet corn plants in different periods of the crop growth and development has been established. It was determined that the longest vegetation period had the crops of sweet corn grown under conditions of full mineral fertilization and maximum plant density of 80.000/ha – 80.3 days, and the shortest one was on the variant with unfertilized background and plant density of 60.000/ha – 73.2 days. Increase of mineral fertilizer dose contributed to better growth of sweet corn than in variants without mineral fertilizers. Increase of plant density up to 80.000/ha led to unnatural stretching of plants (over 190 cm). It was determined that the optimal plant height of the crops was at the density of 60 thousand/ha on the background of nutrition N135P90K125 + N60 + N30. The maximum average daily growth was characterized by sweet corn plants on the background of nutrition N135P90K125 + N60 + N30 with plant density 80.000/ha – 2.93 cm.
The aim of the research is to establish a possible change in the temperature regime of recent years (2016-2020) as compared to the long-term average annual values of the Izhevsk weather station and ...the assessment of the effect of this change on the specific features of crop production practices in the Middle Cis-Urals. Statistical method, comparison and analysis were used during the research. It has been established, that in the Middle Cis-Urals for the recent five years the warming has been recorded: the sum of temperatures higher than +10
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С has increased by 70
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С on the average and reached 2138
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С that provides growing the varieties of early-ripening and mid-season spring cereals. Every vegetation period is characterized by its own specific features, positive and negative deviations from the long-term average annual values both over the whole period and during some of its intervals. The rise in the sum of temperatures resulted in the 4 days earlier transition of the average daily temperature in spring over +5
о
С , in autumn it led to 2 days later transition, that made the vegetation period by 6 days longer. It provides an earlier vegetative renewal in spring and a later stop in vegetation of winter crops as well as the possibility of an earlier start of field work with spring crops in spring. The calculations have proved that between the grain yield of spring wheat varieties and the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) indicator there are different kinds of correlative relationships – neutral, average and strong positive ones. However, between the average yield of spring wheat grain on the farms of all categories in the Udmurt Republic and HTC, a strong positive correlative relationship (r = +0.73) has been established.
Relevance.
The creation of varieties with a complex of economically valuable traits, resistant to
biotic and abiotic environmental factors, is the main direction in melon breeding. The market for
...vegetables and melons and gourds is very dynamic, the demands for varieties are constantly
changing, therefore, it is necessary to introduce new varieties with high taste and commercial
qualities, as well as capable of producing high yields in a changing climate. The aim of the work is
to produce a new melon starting material for use in the breeding process.
Materials and methods.
At the Bikovskaya cucurbits breeding experimental station – branch of the
Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Federal scientific vegetable center", research was
carried out from 2018 to 2020. The object of research is samples from the collection of VIR, foreign and domestic selection, hybrid combinations obtained as a result of intervarietal hybridization. Collection samples of melon were studied in the nursery of the source material: 84 samples
from the VIR collection, 26 samples of domestic and foreign selection were studied.
Results.
As a result of the research, samples of melon with economically valuable traits were identified that meet the requirements of selection. Paired crosses with zoned varieties of local selection were carried out with them. As a result of hybridization, hybrid combinations F
1
were
obtained, from which the best ones were selected for further breeding work. The obtained collection samples and hybrid combinations were evaluated in terms of taste, yield, resistance to environmental abiofactors, dry matter content, large-fruited, attractive color of the fruit and pulp As a
result received a new source material for the selection of new varieties and hybrids of melons with
valuable economic traits. The resulting hybrid combinations of F
1
melon were tested against an
infectious background. Hybrid combinations with the best performance will be further studied in
a breeding nursery.
•Changes of sea fennel phytochemicals during a one-year vegetation period were investigated.•Plant phenophase have impact on phenolic profile and biological activity of sea fennel extracts.•April ...extract with highest phenolic and chlorogenic acid level showed the best antioxidant activity.•April extract showed the best AChE inhibition and October extract the best BuChE inhibition.•PCA confirmed the relationship between the chemical compositions and biological activities.
Since ancient times Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) or sea fennel, has been used in culinary practices and in folk medicine, but in the last few years it has become a rediscovered star of coastal cuisine. In this study, chemical composition (total phenolics, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, individual phenolic acids), antioxidant (FRAP, ORAC, DPPH, Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction) and cholinesterase (AChE, BuChE) inhibitory activities of the sea fennel samples collected in different seasons during a one-year vegetation period were investigated. The obtained results point out the great influence of the plant vegetation period on content of phenolics and consequently on plant biological activity. The sample collected before the flowering stage (in April) was, in most cases, superior in comparison to other extracts which opens a new realm of possibilities of its applications in different products and industries.
Abstract A unique property of the Paleolithic record is the possibility to observe human societies in large areas and over long periods of time. At these large spatial and temporal scales, a number ...of interesting phenomena can be observed, such as dynamics in the distribution of populations in relation to equally large-scale environmental patterns. In this paper, we focus on phenological patterns of vegetation and discuss their explanatory potential for differences in site densities in different periods and parts of Europe. In particular, we present a case-transferable approach to diachronically estimate the timing of the vegetation period and resulting phenological gradients. We discuss results for two complementary case studies. First, we look at the Aurignacian in Western and Central Europe, a period of dynamic population dispersal in a topographically heterogeneous region. Second, we focus on the Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic in the East European Plain, a period after the arrival of anatomically modern humans in a topographically rather uniform area. We visualize phenological trajectories and boundaries otherwise invisible in the archaeological record with certain explanatory potential for the observed archaeological patterns. Importantly, we do not intend to reconstruct specific plant communities or dispersal routes of animals or humans. Rather, we aim at highlighting gradients which in themselves and on small temporal scales might be comparatively weak, but over the course of millennia may potentially influence the distribution of animal biomass and human populations by biasing the aggregate of at times opposing actions of individuals towards particular directions.
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