Apple trees (Malus domestica Borgh) are a rich source of dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Considering the increasing demand for these phytochemicals with health-benefitting ...properties, the objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of the main bioactive compounds—phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid and rutin—in apple tree bark, leaves, flower buds and twigs. The variety in the phenolic profiles of four apple tree cultivars was monitored during the vegetation period from March to September using chromatography analysis. Phloridzin, the major glycoside of interest, reached the highest values in the bark of all the tested cultivars in May (up to 91.7 ± 4.4 mg g−1 of the dried weight (DW), cv. ‘Opal’). In the leaves, the highest levels of phloridzin were found in cv. ‘Opal’ in May (82.5 ± 22.0 mg g−1 of DW); in twigs, the highest levels were found in cv. ‘Rozela’ in September (52.4 ± 12.1 mg g−1 of DW). In the flower buds, the content of phloridzin was similar to that in the twigs. Aglycone phloretin was found only in the leaves in relatively low concentrations (max. value 2.8 ± 1.4 mg g−1 of DW). The highest values of rutin were found in the leaves of all the tested cultivars (10.5 ± 2.9 mg g−1 of DW, cv. ‘Opal’ in September); the concentrations in the bark and twigs were much lower. The highest content of chlorogenic acid was found in flower buds (3.3 ± 1.0 mg g−1 of DW, cv. ‘Rozela’). Whole apple fruits harvested in September were rich in chlorogenic acid and phloridzin. The statistical evaluation by Scheffe’s test confirmed the significant difference of cv. ‘Rozela’ from the other tested cultivars. In conclusion, apple tree bark, twigs, and leaves were found to be important renewable resources of bioactive phenolics, especially phloridzin and rutin. The simple availability of waste plant material can therefore be used as a rich source of phenolic compounds for cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and food supplement preparation.
Objective – to analyse the dynamics of agrochemical indicators of the soil under collection of Syringa vulgaris L. cultivars. These indicators used for solving the problem of anisotropy of biogenic ...elements distribution in the soil. Material and methods. The study has been carried out on the “Lilac Garden” exposition. The soil samples were collected in the spring and in the autumn (2016–2018) under the Syringa vulgaris plants: 1 – under lawn grasses, 2 – on the site with permanent soil cultivation, 3 – on the site with permanent anthropogenic pressure (under the S. vulgaris cultivar trees). The plants are 55–60 years old. The humus reserves and nutrients content were calculated for the horizon 0–20 cm. The agrochemical analysis of soil samples has been done after G. Rinkis method (1982) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry iCAP 6300 DUO. Soil samples were extracted by 1 N HCL. Soil samples pH were measured by Hi 2211 pH/ORP Meter (Hanna Instruments). Results. It were investigated agrochemical indicators study (pH, humus, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) of S. vulgaris collection gray podzolized soil. The soil solution pH indicators – 6.53–7.50. Humus content changes were registered during the seasons: 3.6–7.8 % in spring, 5.2–9.3 % in autumn. Maximum concentrations of the biogenic elements were observed in different terms of the plant vegetation cycle due to the precipitation and air temperature fluctuations. Conclusion. The results demonstrate diverse distribution of biogenic elements in the Syringa vulgaris collection soil cover. It is to be considered for developing of plant cultivation rules for decorative and long living S. vulgaris cultivars.
In recent years, increased attention has been given to plants containing toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Jacobaea alpina (syn. Senecio cordatus) is a tall forb growing on mountain pastures and ...meadows containing such alkaloids and therefore, the plant is considered as a noxious weed in these environments. The repartition of toxic macrocyclic PAs in the plant and their evolution during the vegetation period has been studied in two populations. Eight PAs were found where senciphylline and senecionine accounted in most samples for more than 85 % of total alkaloids. Leaves in April and stems in May started with high PA concentrations (19–22 mg/g dry matter), then alkaloid levels declined. This decrease was more rapid in stems than in leaves. Depending on the population, fully developed inflorescences in June and July PA contents were higher or lower than in the respective leaves. Later, also in the inflorescences PA concentration decreased. Combined with growth data total alkaloid content in the whole plant as mg/plant was highest in midsummer and declined afterwards. Finally, new emerging leaves in September had high PA levels, which declined markedly towards the end of the season in November. In sum, over a large period PA concentration appeared to be high enough to present a health risk for grazing animals.
Leaves of the Ginkgo biloba L. have been identified as a source of bioactive compounds and their consumption may lead to the improvement of the brain function. During two vegetation periods, extracts ...of green and yellow leaves of Ginkgo biloba were analyzed for their chemical constituents and health properties. Samples were analyzed via HPLC and GC methods for the presence and content of phytochemicals. The antioxidant effect towards DPPH and ABTS radicals was studied. The antioxidant activity of samples was measured in Rancimat and Oxidograph tests along with the effectiveness of samples as inhibitors against cholinesterase. The content of individual phytochemicals was found to depend on the harvesting period and type of solvent used in the extraction process. Gingko yellow leaf extracts showed highest radical-scavenging activity as well as cholinesterase inhibition activity, and can be a valuable raw material to produce extracts possessing high cholinesterase inhibition activity.
The aim of the study was to determine the growth, development and yield of sweet corn varieties and hybrids as vegetables during the soil-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan.
Methods
. The 8 ...cultivars and 8 hybrids studied were evaluated for growth, development and yield in Karakalpakstan in 2017-2019. Selection work was carried out on varieties and hybrids. Varieties and hybrids with a positive result based on the selection results were recommended for use in subsequent experiments.
Results
. After sowing the seeds of the studied 8 varieties and 8 hybrids of vegetable (sweet) corn, the duration of the germination period was 7-9 days. Relatively early germination between cultivars and hybrids Zamin, Can. Pedro 2 Inta, Berys varieties, relatively late germination was recorded in 9 days in SPV 1022, Leonard's Early, Honey Bontam F
1
, Spirit F
1
, Megaton F
1
, Baron F
1
, Soyan F
1
, Hybrid F
1
. It has been established that the period from germination to the stage of leaf formation (7 leaves) is 13-16 days, the period from the stage of leaf formation (7 leaves)to the panicle formation is 23-33 days, the period from the panicle formation to flowering is 4-6 days, the period from flowering to the cob formation is 9-15 days. In the studied varieties and hybrids, the period from the cob formation to milky ripeness was 13-18 days, from milky ripeness to waxy ripeness lasted up to 4-8 days.The study of the duration of the development phases of varieties and hybrids showed that the growth period from germination to milky-wax ripeness is 75-85 days. Early yield was observed in hybrids Baron F
1
, Sweet star F
1
, Spirit F
1
, Soyan F
1
, vegetation period 73-77 days, relatively early yield was observed in varieties and hybrids Zamin, Sentinel F
1
, SPV 1022, Osnova 209, Hybrid F
1
, Can Pedro 2 Inta, Clx3349ys clause, growing season 79-81 days.The selection of varieties and hybrids most appropriate to the soil and climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan was carried out and recommended for cultivation by farmers and dekhkan farms.
Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) is a Mediterranean shrub or a small tree with the northern limit of its natural range in central Europe. At the same time, it is also a tree species which, due to its ...considerable tolerance to high temperatures and lack of moisture, as well as some expansive properties, could be expected to increase its range in the coming decades as a result of the changing climate and the associated spontaneous spread. The paper summarizes the results of several years of our research, during which we evaluated the following growth and reproductive characteristics: (1) phenological traits and the length of the growing season, (2) the intensity and evenness of fruiting, and (3) the numbers of individuals and stems according to the height categories. In addition, the species composition of vegetation cover was analysed on the sites with the occurrence of manna ash. Observations were made in two autochthonous populations of manna ash in Southern Slovakia and one allochthonous population in its central region. The onset of spring vegetative and generative phenophases showed a noticeable latitudinal trend during our observations (2015‒2019). In Central Slovakia, flowering and leafing of manna ash occurred on average more than two weeks later than in its southernmost region. The “Central Slovakian” population of manna ash was also characterised by the earliest onset of autumn vegetative phenophases and the lowest total length of the growing season. Despite these trends, flowering and fruiting in this population were relatively regular ‒ in contrast to the other two sites, it was observed every year. In this locality, we also observed the highest total numbers of individuals and stems in all the height categories and the markedly decreased occurrence of competing species. The achieved results point out to the considerable vigour and high reproductive ability of the allochthonous population of manna ash outside its natural range and the natural range of its most important competitors.
In Central Europe, drought is the most important limiting factor for autumn‐sown cereals. Due to the decline in groundwater, it is a priority to use less water‐demanding forms of crop production. ...Water use efficiency (WUE) can only be increased if cultivars with satisfactory water management traits are grown, so that they can exploit the water reserves of the soil even if drought occurs during the vegetation. Water consumption and water use efficiency of winter wheat genotypes were investigated in a model experiment carried out in a climate‐controlled glasshouse. The plants were grown either with optimum water supplies or with simulated drought in three phenophases, and measurements were made on the yield parameters, phenological traits and water use parameters of the plants. Substantial differences were observed between the water demands of the cultivars, and it was found that the later the phenophase in which drought was simulated, the greater the decline in water uptake. The analysis of WUE led to the conclusion that the WUE values of cultivars with short vegetation periods dropped to the greatest extent when water deficit was suffered at first node appearance, while cultivars with longer vegetation periods were more sensitive to drought during the heading and grain‐filling stages.
The aim of the research was to evaluate safflower variety samples by their productivity and oil quality in the Middle Volga region. The studies were conducted in 2016-2018 on the experimental field ...of Penza Agricultural Institute. The vegetative period of safflower in 2016 proceeded in moderately moist conditions with a hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) of 1.1 and an average daily temperature of 20.1°C. The vegetation period of 2017 was characterized as insufficiently moistened with the HTC of 0.82 units. The conditions of 2018 were severely arid, the HTC was only 0.4 at average daily temperatures of 19.3°C. The growing season from full germination to full maturation of safflower in the conditions of the Middle Volga region averaged 114-119 days. The studied varieties of safflower on average for three years formed a fairly high and stable yield of 1.12 and 1.45 t/ha. The maximum yield of safflower seeds was obtained in 2018, when the conditions were arid, and averaged from 1.27 to 1.59 t/ha. The largest seeds were formed by varieties Astrakhanskiy 747 and Aleksandrit, the weight of 1000 seeds was 45.6 and 44.6 g. The huskness was 33.17% in average. The fat content in the seeds was high and amounted to 33.6-37.1%. The variety Alexandrit was distinguished by oil content, the oil content of which was 37.1%. All varieties were characterized by a very high content of linoleic acid 75.2-77.6%, with a very low amount of linolenic acid – 0.12-0.19%. The content of monounsaturated oleic acid varied in the range of 12.2-14.5%.
The research results of growth regulators with anti-stress action which stimulated growth and development of plants, and achieving their resistance to adverse factors during vegetation period, have ...been presented. The use of plant growth regulators with anti–stress effect on Sinapis alba L. increased plant resistance to adverse environmental influences, providing adaptation to changing environmental conditions, i.e. has a stress–correcting effect throughout the whole vegetation period. The result of using drugs on mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was obtaining a significant and stable additional seed yield (0.57 t ha-1), i.e. an increase in yield by 38%. The most effective over the years of research were applications of growth regulators Fast Start and Biofoge. The most effective processing terms were: during vegetation period and combination of seed treatment and application during vegetation period.
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