Мета. Аналіз формування сортового ресурсу жита посівного озимого для українських виробників. Результати. Сорти жита посівного (Secale cereale L.) проаналізовані за низкою господарсько-цінних ознак ...тастійкістю до абіотичних факторів. За даними по урожайності у зонах Степу, Лісостепу та Полісся можна побачити, що провідне місце посідають сорти іноземної селекції. Проаналізовані сорти відносяться до скоростиглих, що дозволяє отримувати врожаї у більш стислі проміжки часу. До Державного реєстру сортів внесені рослини, які за висотою знаходяться у діапазоні від 100 до 140 см. Маса 1000 зерен усіх проаналізованих сортів коливалась від 32 до 34 г. Вміст білка у насінні сортів знаходиться в межах від 9 до 12%. Високі показники стійкості до абіотичних факторів, таких як посухи, та небажаних явищ як вилягання та обсипання, уможливлюють вирощування цих сортів у всіх ґрунтово-кліматичних зонах на території України. Варто відмітити, що сорти мають високий показник стійкості проти борошнистої роси та снігової плісняви. До Державного реєстру сортів рослин включено 43 сорти жита посівного озимого станом на 10 серпня 2018 року. Сорти, які внесені до Державного реєстру сортів рослин придатних для поширення в Україні, мають високі показники стійкості до абіотичних чинників, що є підставою для їх внесення до реєстру. Висновки. Детальне вивчення та аналіз стійкості сортів рослин до стресових чинників дозволяє більш ґрунтовно оцінити сорт. Крім оцінки морозо- і зимостійкості, посухо- і жаростійкості польових культур, необхідно проводити оцінку холодостійкості, стійкості озимих до зимових відлиг, випрівання, льодової кірки, вимокання та інших несприятливих факторів. Такий аналіз дозволить краще охарактеризувати нові сорти і відбирати ті з них, які крім високої врожайності мали б стійкість до абіотичних факторів. В умовах кліматичних змін це дозволить отримувати стійкі високі врожаї жита посівного.
Soybean is a thermophilic and photophilic plant very sensitive to weather course during the vegetation period. This trait limits soybean cultivation in higher latitude countries. This field study ...aimed to evaluate the effects of three sowing dates on the development, the duration of vegetative and generative stages, and the yield of two soybean cultivars (Lissabon and Merlin) under conditions in south-western Poland in the years 2016–2019. The sowing date determines the temperature and the day length available for soybean plants, influencing development and yield. Delaying the sowing date by 20 days in relation to the earliest (16–21.04) resulted in the shortening of the length of the vegetative development by 12 days and the shortening of the entire vegetation period by 14 days. The delayed sowing date (06–19.05) under the conditions of south-western Poland (Lower Silesia) contributed to a significant decrease in yield. Lissabon produced greater soybean yield than Merlin. Special attention should be paid to proper seed sowing dates in soybean agriculture practice. It is necessary to breed soybean genotypes adapted to day length and thermal conditions of the cultivation area to achieve the maximum seed yield.
The global mean near-surface temperature between 2012 and 2021 was 1.11 to 1.14 °C warmer than the pre-industrial level. This makes it the warmest period on record. The aim of this article was to ...investigate vegetation period changes (onset and termination of the temperature T ≥ 5 °C, T ≥ 10 °C, and T ≥ 15 °C) due to climate change from the average air temperature for the periods 1931–1961, 1961–1991, and 1991–2020 for 24 stations in Slovakia and forecast the length of vegetation periods for the periods 2021–2050, 2051–2080, and 2081–2110. The number of days with these characteristic temperatures was used as an input dataset, from which map outputs were generated in ArcGIS software. Spatial analysis of the vegetation periods in the past, present, and future showed an earlier start of the vegetation period in spring and a later ending in autumn during the last 30 years. The maximum duration of the vegetation period will expand from the south to the north of Slovakia. Future scenarios showed an extension of the vegetation period duration. On the other hand, this potential advantage for crop cultivation is limited by a lack of arable land in the north of Slovakia and by a lack of precipitation in the south of Slovakia.
Мета. Суперсолодка кукурудза містить ген, експресія якого зумовлює підвищення концентрації цукру. Ідентифіковано гени ендосперму, що регулюють підвищення вмісту цукру і зменшення вмісту крохмалю; ...найефективнішими з них були shrunken2 (sh2), brittle1 (bt), sugary1 (su1) і sugary enhancer1 (se). Рецесивна мутація shrunken2 (sh2) забезпечує високий уміст цукрів у зерні молочно-воскової стиглості порівняно з іншими мутантними формами, що безпосередньо впливає на смакові якості sh2-гібридів, обумовлює широке використання цієї мутації в селекційній роботі і має найбільший комерційний потенціал. Основним завданням селекції є створення нового покоління високопродуктивних гібридів, яке залежить від наявності високоякісного вихідного селекційного матеріалу. Тому метою роботи було оцінити лінії суперсолодкої кукурудзи за морфо-біологічними ознаками, виділити ліпші лінії-донори генетичних ознак, створити високопродуктивні гібриди кукурудзи. Методи. Морфо-біологічні ознаки досліджених ліній оцінювали за Класифікатором-довідником виду Zea mays L. Комплексний аналіз зразків за господарсько-цінними ознаками проводили згідно з Методичними рекомендаціями для польового та лабораторного вивчення генетичних ресурсів кукурудзи. Уміст редукувальних цукрів у зерні досліджених ліній і гібридів кукурудзи визначали за методом Бертрана. Результати. Досліджено морфо-біологічні ознаки суперсолодкої кукурудзи. Істотні відмінності між дослідженими лініями спостережено за тривалістю вегетаційного періоду, кількістю насінин в одному ряді й кількістю рядів зерен у качані. Виділено лінії-джерела господарсько-цінних ознак для практичної селекції. Проведено схрещування і отримано 50 гібридних комбінацій, серед яких виділено 16, які характеризувалися кращими показниками господарських ознак. Висновки. У результаті аналізу основних морфо-біологічних ознак у гібридних комбінаціях цукрової кукурудзи з мутантним геном sh2 виділено джерела селекційно-цінних ознак. За тривалістю вегетаційного періоду всі лінії було розділено на три групи: ранні – 8 ліній, середні – 6 і пізні – 8 ліній. Установлено, що перспективними донорами продуктивності качана були лінії SH-621, SH-234 і SH-936, висоти рослин – SH-234 і SH-936, кількості рядів зерен – SH-234 і SH-113, довжини качана – SH-318 і SH-936. За оцінкою морфо-біологічних ознак виділено ліпші лінії, які були схрещені, отримано низку гібридів. Найкращі з них – ‘Матір Драконів F1’, ‘Юрмала F1’ і ‘Ларус F1’ – передано на державну реєстрацію.
Abstract
Introduction
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP) is involved in gathering and evaluation of genetic resources of flax (
Linum usitatissimum
L.), hemp (
Cannabis sativa
...L.) and medicinal plants, because Poland has signed the Convention on Biological Diversity. Field trials were carried out in 1990–2001 in the Experimental Station in Wojciechów located in Opolskie region. The research material was accessions of genetic resources from the collection of flax, stored at the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Radzików near Warsaw.
Objective
The aim of the publication was to evaluate the following biological features of flax: time of beginning of flowering and vegetation period to yellow maturity.
Methods
The characteristics data for flax accessions are presented according to the methodology of development of the International Flax Database. Each flax accessions from the world collection of flax genetic resources received one of the following assessments of two vegetation periods: very short, short, medium, long and very long. Descriptors of biological features of flax were used, presented in “List of flax descriptors (
L. usitatissimum
L.)” edited by Janka Nozkova, published in 2011. These descriptors are used to develop the International Flax Database, which in turn helps in the rapid evaluation of the
L. usitatissimum
genetic resource collection. Carrying out a detailed characterization of biological features of
L. usitatissimum
accessions is very helpful for breeders in selecting genetic material for breeding new varieties of flax.
Results
The following results were obtained from the time of the beginning of flowering and the vegetation period to yellow maturity. Time of beginning of flowering was the following: very short – 0 accessions, short – 97 accessions, medium – 20 accessions, long – 2 accessions and very long – 0 accessions of flax. The genotypes tested were characterized by the following results in terms of vegetation period from sowing to yellow maturity: very short – 0, short – 37, medium – 62, long – 0 and very long – 0 accessions of flax.
Conclusions
Time of beginning of flowering and the vegetation period to yellow maturity shall be revalorised to the International Flax Database for those
L. usitatissimum
accessions that did not receive the same assessment of the biological features tested in the two or three years of the study.
The suitability of industrial hemp as an alternative substrate for biogas production was evaluated. The influence of the growing stage and fertilization regimen on biogas and methane production was ...determined. The effectiveness of a common NPK fertilization strategy was compared with the application of biogas plant (BGP) byproducts (liquid and solid phase of the digestate). Hemp biomass was harvested four times during the growth cycle (five leaf pairs, flower formation, beginning of flowering, seed maturity). The samples of hemp biomass from the tested combinations (vegetation period × fertilization strategy) were subjected to anaerobic digestion in laboratory batch reactors for 60 days, and the amount and composition of the released biogas were determined. The yield of biomass and dry matter content increased with the age of plants reaching up to 12.0 t/ha and 32%, respectively. The highest methane production was observed for hemp in the first sampling (309-316 L CH4/kg of organic dry matter, ODM); the lowest production came from hemp at full maturity (289-302 L CH4/kg ODM). Due to a significant growth of hemp biomass during the vegetation period, methane hectare yield (MHY) grew from 142-175 m3/ha for the first growing stage to 2780-3230 m3/ha for the final stage. The average methane content reached approximately 60%. There was no observed significant difference in biogas production between the different modes of fertilization; thus, BGP byproducts were an effective alternative source of nutrients for hemp planting.
Display omitted
•The possibility of using hemp for biogas production instead of maize was proved.•Hemp biomass production increased strongly during the growing season per hectare.•The highest methane hectare yield was achieved in seed maturity.•Methane hectare production reached up to 3230 m3/ha.•Digestate showed a similar fertilizing effect compared with conventional NPK fertilization.
Relevance
. The appearance on the market of water-soluble fertilizers, growth regulators, biological products requires a detailed study of these drugs to determine their effectiveness in increasing ...yields and optimizing costs. Therefore, the issue of developing environmentally friendly elements of the technology for growing varieties of table watermelon of different ripening periods with the use of new types and forms of water-soluble fertilizers becomes urgent.
Materials and methods
. The object of research is varieties of watermelon of domestic selection of early and medium ripening. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on the basis of the Bikovskaya cucurbits breeding experimental station (Bykovskiy district, Volgograd region). The methods of using the preparation Potassium Humate (liquid) were studied: Treatment of plants twice, Soaking the seeds before sowing. The passage of the main periods of plant growth and development, biometric parameters of plants, biochemical composition of fruits and productivity of table watermelon were determined. The purpose of the research: to determine the effectiveness of methods of using potassium humate (liquid) in increasing yields, to reveal their influence on the quality of table watermelon fruits of different ripening periods.
Results
. The experimental data obtained showed a fairly high efficiency of the use of humic fertilizer in the cultivation of table watermelon both in early-maturing varieties and in varieties of late ripening. The maximum yield of the late-ripening watermelon variety Ikar was obtained when using the preparation Potassium Humate for treating plants – 17.1 t/ha, which is 25.7% more than control. The same method of using the humic preparation was noted as the most promising in the early ripening variety of watermelon Triumph, where the yield exceeded the control values by 21.8% and the method of use was by 18.0% – soaking the seeds before sowing. Studies have determined that the use of the preparation Potassium Humate in the technology of growing table watermelon allows to obtain fruits of good quality with a content of nitrates significantly lower than the maximum permissible concentrations for this culture (MPC – 60 mg/kg).
A phased research work was carried out in the natural and climatic conditions of the southern foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus to study and identify adaptive properties and economically ...significant traits in various wheat lines bred by the Research Institute of Field Crops in the city of Dingxi, Gansu province (the PRC). The research was carried out to study and isolate grain productivity, resistance to the conditions of the autumn-winter period, lodging and diseases, as well as searching for a new source material for breeding work with a winter wheat crop. The studies included phenological observations, assessment of resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, analysis of sheaf material. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the tested wheat samples had differences in resistance to unfavorable conditions of the autumn-winter period. In the first year of the research, samples No. 1, No. 2 died, so did No. 6 in the second year. The stability of overwintered samples was marked at the level of 7 points. Samples No. 10, No. 11 were characterized by low resistance to lodging. The main part of the studied material of winter wheat had a growing season with sprouts and heading 6-8 days shorter than the standard Grom variety. Sample No. 2 was distinguished by the maximum distribution and development of brown rust, No. 7 – by Septoria disease. The grain yield varied at the level of 90–310 g/m2. Sample No. 4 (310 g/m
2
) and No. 7 (270 g/m
2
) showed a significantly higher grain yield than the standard of Grom variety (220 g/m
2
). The mass of 1 000 grains ranged from 30,0 g to 46,1 g. The height of the plants varied in the range of 55,2–111,9 cm. Sample No. 16 had the longest spike (9,8 cm). According to the number of grains of the main spike and the weight of grain, No. 16 stood out from the main spike. The maximum grain weight per plant was shown by No. 15 (5,6 g), No. 16 (4,8 g), No. 12 (5,1 g). The results of the initial comprehensive assessment indicate the possible use of these lines in agricultural production, as well as a starting material. Prospects for further study have been considered.
The aim of the present article was to introduce the new Bulgarian sunflower hybrid Sevar, which since 2015 has been included in the European Catalog of Field and Vegetable Crop Varieties. Sunflower ...hybrid Sevar was developed at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute (DAI), General Toshevo. The hybrid is male sterile, two-linear and was obtained by interlinear hybridization. The parental components are line 807А, which possesses cytoplasmic male sterility, and the father line is 509R, a branched fertility restorer line developed through in vitro methods. The two lines demonstrated very good combining ability. Sevar is an early maturing hybrid, with duration of the vegetation period of 107–110 days. Plant height is within the range of 155-160cm, and the head diameter is 26–29cm. The seeds have absolute weight 48–57g and oil content 49–50%. The oil is of linoleic type. The percent of kernel in the seed is 75 – 76%, and the protein in the whole seed is 19–20%. The weight of seeds per plant is 69-80g, and the number of seeds is 1150-1300. The duration of flowering is 10–12 days. The maximum seed yield obtained in the experimental fields of DAI is 4300 kg/ha, and in the neighboring Romania – 6406 kg/ha. In the breeding fields of DAI, the hybrid was tested three years according to a scheme approved for this crop. During the testing period, Sevar exceeded the mean standard by seed yield with 2.7–11.8%. By oil yield, the exceeding during the three years was within 3.5 – 19.1%. The highest yield was observed in 2010 – 4002 kg/ha seed yield and 1985 kg/ha oil yield. The oil content of this hybrid reached 49.6% and was higher than the standards San Luka and Brio. Sevar is resistant to the economically important diseases downy mildew (up to race 731) and the parasite Orobanche (up to race F). Hybrid Sevar was registered in Romania with certificate No. 4934/09.06.2015 and was included in the European Catalog of Field and Vegetable Crop Varieties.
•Red cabbages contained twenty different anthocyanins including nonacylated and acylated.•Content of anthocyanins varied significantly in plants grown in two different years.•The vegetation period ...length affect the anthocyanins profile.•The antiradical potential of red cabbage differed significantly across the varieties.•Red cabbage varieties possess own anthocyanins fingerprint and antioxidant capacity.
The profile and content of anthocyanins in five red cabbage varieties were analyzed using HPLC–DAD–MS/MS method. The antioxidant capacity of red cabbages was evaluated using five in vitro assays. Red cabbages contained twenty different anthocyanins with the main structure of cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucosides. The presence of nonacylated, monoacylated and diacylated form was identified. Nonacylated and diacylated with sinapic acid derivatives of cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside were predominant. The content of anthocyanins varied significantly in plants grown in two different years (P<0.05). Moreover, the vegetation period length was demonstrated to affect the anthocyanins profile. The extract of red cabbages scavenged radicals and their antiradical potential differed significantly across the varieties (P<0.05). In addition, red cabbage antioxidant capacity was positively and significantly correlated with anthocyanins content (P<0.05). This study demonstrates that red cabbage varieties possess own anthocyanins fingerprint and specific antioxidant capacity, which are also under the influence of vegetation period.
PDF
