While psychosocial working conditions have been associated with morbidity, their associations with mortality, especially cause-specific mortality, have been less studied. Additionally, few studies ...considered the time-varying aspect of exposures. We aimed to examine trajectories of job demand-control status in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), suicide, and alcohol-related mortality.
The study population consisted of around 4.5 million individuals aged 16-60 years in Sweden in 2005. Job control and demands were respectively measured using job exposure matrices (JEM). Trajectories of job control and demands throughout 2005-2009 were identified using group-based trajectory modelling, and job demand-control categories were subsequently classified. Deaths in 2010-2019 were recorded in the national cause of death register. Cox regression models were used.
A total of 116 242 individuals died in 2010-2019. For both job control and demands, we identified four trajectories, which were parallel to each other and represented four levels of exposures. Low control and passive jobs were associated with higher all-cause, CVD, and suicide mortality among both men and women. High strain jobs were associated with higher all-cause and CVD mortality among men, while low control, passive jobs, and high strain jobs were associated with higher alcohol-related mortality among women.
The trajectories identified may suggest stable levels of job control and demands over time. Poor psychosocial working conditions are related to all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and these patterns vary to some extent between men and women.
Despite its inclusion in models of social and ecological determinants of health, work has not been explored in most health inequity research in the United States. Leaving work out of public health ...inequities research creates a blind spot in our understanding of how inequities are created and impedes our progress toward health equity. We first describe why work is vital to our understanding of observed societal-level health inequities. Next, we outline challenges to incorporating work in the study of health inequities, including (1) the complexity of work as a concept; (2) work's overlap with socioeconomic position, race, ethnicity, and gender; (3) the development of a parallel line of inquiry into occupational health inequities; and (4) the dearth of precise data with which to explore the relationships between work and health status. Finally, we summarize opportunities for advancing health equity and monitoring progress that could be achieved if researchers and practitioners more robustly include work in their efforts to understand and address health inequities.
Summary
Weight gain, obesity and diabetes have reached alarming levels in the developed world. Traditional risk factors such as over‐eating, poor nutritional choices and lack of exercise cannot fully ...account for the high prevalence of metabolic disease. This review paper examines the scientific evidence on two novel risk factors that contribute to dys‐regulated metabolic physiology: sleep disruption and circadian misalignment. Specifically, fundamental relationships between energy metabolism and sleep and circadian rhythms and the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on metabolic physiology are examined. Millions of individuals worldwide do not obtain sufficient sleep for healthy metabolic function, and many participate in shift work and social activities at times when the internal physiological clock is promoting sleep. These behaviours predispose an individual for poor metabolic health by promoting excess caloric intake in response to reduced sleep, food intake at internal biological times when metabolic physiology is not prepared, decreased energy expenditure when wakefulness and sleep are initiated at incorrect internal biological times, and disrupted glucose metabolism during short sleep and circadian misalignment. In addition to the traditional risk factors of poor diet and exercise, disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms represent modifiable risk factors for prevention and treatment of metabolic disease and for promotion of healthy metabolism.
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone that maintains circadian rhythms by synchronization to environmental cues and is involved in diverse physiological processes such as the ...regulation of blood pressure and core body temperature, oncogenesis, and immune function. Melatonin is formed in the pineal gland in a light-regulated manner by enzymatic conversion from 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin), and modulates sleep and wakefulness by activating two high-affinity G-proteincoupled receptors, type 1A (MT1) and type 1B (MT2). Shift work, travel, and ubiquitous artificial lighting can disrupt natural circadian rhythms; as a result, sleep disorders affect a substantial population in modern society and pose a considerable economic burden. Over-the-counter melatonin is widely used to alleviate jet lag and as a safer alternative to benzodiazepines and other sleeping aids, and is one of the most popular supplements in the United States. Here, we present high-resolution room-temperature X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) structures of MT1 in complex with four agonists: the insomnia drug ramelteon, two melatonin analogues, and the mixed melatonin-serotonin antidepressant agomelatine. The structure of MT2 is described in an accompanying paper. Although the MT1 and 5-HT receptors have similar endogenous ligands, and agomelatine acts on both receptors, the receptors differ markedly in the structure and composition of their ligand pockets; in MT1, access to the ligand pocket is tightly sealed from solvent by extracellular loop 2, leaving only a narrow channel between transmembrane helices IV and V that connects it to the lipid bilayer. The binding site is extremely compact, and ligands interact with MT1 mainly by strong aromatic stacking with Phe179 and auxiliary hydrogen bonds with Asn162 and Gln181. Our structures provide an unexpected example of atypical ligand entry for a non-lipid receptor, lay the molecular foundation of ligand recognition by melatonin receptors, and will facilitate the design of future tool compounds and therapeutic agents, while their comparison to 5-HT receptors yields insights into the evolution and polypharmacology of G-protein-coupled receptors.
Extending an extant dynamic componential perspective, we propose an integrative model of how and why workplace ostracism exhibited by supervisors relates to employees' creativity through pragmatic ...(task resources) and engagement (creative process engagement) effects. Specifically, we predict that workplace ostracism negatively relates to creativity through reduced task resources and creative process engagement. Perceived organizational support plays a key role in buffering the negative effects of workplace ostracism in both pragmatic and engagement domains. Three-wave, supervisor-subordinate, dyadic data from a bank in China support these hypotheses. We discuss the implications of these results for both research and practice.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address the potential impacts of Industry 4.0 on human resource management (HRM) – with a particular focus on employment, job profile and qualification and ...skill requirements in the workforce – which can have implications for supply chain management (SCM). Consequently, exploratory relationships among Industry 4.0, HRM and SCM are presented based on a systematic review.
Design/methodology/approach
To explore Industry 4.0 literature and its impact on employment, the authors used a systematic literature review to identify, classify and analyze current knowledge, flagging trends and proposing recommendations for future research in this area. Using the Web of Science database, the authors utilized co-citation software to visualize the networks which emerged from recurrent terms and which were then used to develop the categories of analysis.
Findings
The authors can affirm that the literature in this field is in a transition process, from the early studies of German academics to the current development of new impacts worldwide. Industry 4.0 is the central theme of the literature analyzed and is accomplished through the development of employment, qualifications, skills and learning frameworks. The results reveal that most papers are conceptual, with quantitative studies still lacking. Developed countries have a leading role in terms of research production, while Latin America and Asia are far behind. Clustering reveals four dominant themes (educational changes, employment scenario, work infrastructure resources and work meaning and proposal). The first refers to labor changes around working conditions, the work environment and new skills which are required. The second main theme concerns the potentially unstable shift in the labor market has toward a high-level context. The third is about the technical interface of humans and machines, and finally, the fourth understands the German industry as a starting point for global industrial improvements and work proposal changes. Furthermore, socio-technical systems cover the implications of HRM for SCM in three different dimensions: qualification and education (human competences), collaboration and integration of SCM (organizational competences) and data and information management (technical competences).
Research limitations/implications
An original research agenda for further development of the topic. Additionally, the implications of the findings for SCM practitioners are presented.
Practical implications
SCM managers can benefit from the results of this paper by developing adjusted polices for organizational and human aspects. Specially about training programs to improve technology skills and education programs for cyber-human new plataforms.
Originality/value
So far, Industry 4.0, HRM-related topics and implications for SCM have generally been considered separately. This paper elucidates the few important studies on the impacts of Industry 4.0 on human-related topics, such as the labor market, building a research framework using the main contributions highlighted in the literature. An original research agenda is presented, as well as potential implications for SCM.
The rise of the digitally enabled gig economy has prompted debate about gig working conditions and labor regulation, calling for research on the interactions between gig workers and digital labor ...platforms (DLPs). This study examines the working conditions on place-based and remote-work platforms by focusing on worker perspective and addressing two questions: What risks do workers perceive when engaging in different types of gig work? How is labor agency exercised on different digital labor platforms? To answer these research questions, we chose a comparative qualitative case-study research design and drew on labor agency theory to use the classification of resistance, resilience, and reworking as a starting point for categorizing labor agency actions on different DLPs. Narratives of workers through semi-structured surveys were collected from 102 California-based gig workers registered on three types of DLPs: delivery, ridesharing, and microtask crowdworking. Our thematic analysis shows that workers on the three types of DLPs shared four types of risk—employment, financial, mental health, and technological—but the frequencies of these risks differed across the platforms. Two risks—entrepreneurial and physical health risks—were primarily perceived by workers engaging in delivery and ridesharing. The study reveals that workers’ enactment of the three types of labor agency (resistance, reworking, and resilience) varied by risk types and DLPs and provides a nuanced understanding of the gig work risks and worker agency across DLPs, extending labor agency theory from traditional workplaces to gig work environments.
Abstract
Drawing on comparative employment relations literature, this article explores how employment relations (ER) institutions support the ‘care coordinator’, a new role tasked with aiding the ...exchange of information between health and social services in the United States and the UK. Findings show that in both countries, multi‐employer collective bargaining facilitated this role by providing good working conditions and a stable work environment; additionally, the new role performed better in England due to the broader scope of bargaining and supportive management practices. The article advances a comparative institutional perspective on the creation of new tasks focused on sub‐national (sectoral and regional) ER.
Internet use and job satisfaction Castellacci, Fulvio; Viñas-Bardolet, Clara
Computers in human behavior,
January 2019, 2019-01-00, 20190101, Volume:
90
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Does the use of Internet for professional purposes foster employees' job satisfaction? We focus on six main work characteristics – income, education, occupation type, autonomy, time pressure and ...social interactions – and we develop new hypotheses on how Internet use moderates the effects of these factors. We use data from the European Working Conditions Survey, and estimate a bivariate ordered probit model, and a hierarchical ordered probit model. The results point out that Internet technologies enhance job satisfaction by improving access to data and information, creating new activities, and facilitating communication and social interactions. However, these positive effects are skewed. Workers in some occupations, and with higher income and education levels, benefit relatively more from the Internet vis-a-vis workers in occupations that are more weakly related to ICTs activities.
•Topic: Effects of Internet use for professional purposes on job satisfaction.•Main idea: Internet use moderates the relationships between work characteristics and job satisfaction.•Data:European Working Conditions Survey (2005 and 2010).•Method: bivariate ordered probit and hierarchical ordered probit model.•Result: Internet use at work has positive effects on job satisfaction, but these effects are skewed.
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