Dewasa awal memiliki tugas memenuhi kebutuhan akan keintiman dengan menjalin hubungan romantis. Hubungan romantis memiliki tantangan, termasuk putus cinta. Penelitian sebelumnya menyebutkan bahwa ...terdapat dampak dari putus cinta secara emosional maupun kepuasan hidup, yang dapat mempengaruhi kesejahteraan seseorang, sehingga individu pada masa dewasa awal perlu mengelola atau mengatur emosi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat hubungan antara dimensi regulasi emosi dan aspek subjective well-being (SWB). Penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan desain korelasional. Seratus dua puluh lima partisipan penelitian ini diperoleh dengan metode convenience sampling dengan karakteristik berusia 20-30 tahun, mengalami putus cinta dalam kurun 6 bulan terakhir, dan belum menikah atau bertunangan. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences, dan Satisfaction With Life Scale secara daring, kemudian dikorelasikan menggunakan Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara cognitive reappraisal dengan aspek afektif positif (r = 0.320, p < 0.05) dan negatif SWB (r = -0.283, p < 0.05), serta aspek kognitif (r = 0.258, p < 0.05). Sementara itu, expressive suppression tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan aspek afektif positif (r = -0.024, p > 0.05) dan kognitif SWB (r = 0.068, p > 0.05), hanya berhubungan signifikan dengan pengaruh negatif (r = 0.178, p < 0.05). Cognitive reappraisal dianggap mampu mengurangi afek negatif dan meningkatkan afek positif. Sementara itu, expressive suppression dapat menyebabkan inauthenticity. Temuan tersebut berkaitan dengan faktor budaya kolektif Indonesia sebagai negara Asia yang memperjuangkan keharmonisan. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat memasukkan aspek kepribadian dan faktor pendukung hubungan.
Mental disorders often have onset early in life, contribute substantially to the global disease burden, and may interfere with young people's ability to complete age-relevant tasks in important ...developmental periods. However, knowledge about prevalence and course of mental disorders in young adulthood is sparse. The aim of the current study was to estimate prevalence and stability of mental disorders from the twenties to the thirties/forties.
DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview in two waves (1999-2004 and 2010-2011) in 1623 young adult Norwegian twins (63.2% women, aged 19-29 years in wave 1).
In wave 1, the 12-month prevalence of any mental disorder among people in the twenties was 19.8% (men) and 32.4% (women), anxiety disorders: 9.6% (men) and 26.7% (women), anxiety disorders excluding specific phobias: 2.5% (men) and 6.9% (women), major depressive disorder (MDD): 4.4% (men) and 7.2% (women), and alcohol use disorder (AUD): 8.7% (men) and 4.4% (women). The prevalence of any mental disorder decreased from the twenties to the thirties/forties. This was due to a decrease in AUD and specific phobias. Anxiety disorders in the twenties predicted anxiety disorders and MDD ten years later, even when controlling for the association between these disorders in the twenties. MDD in the twenties predicted MDD ten years later. At both ages, two-week and 12-month prevalence estimates differed markedly for MDD - indicating an episodic course.
Common mental disorders are highly prevalent among young adults in the twenties, and somewhat less prevalent in the thirties/forties. Those who suffer from one mental disorder in the twenties are at considerably increased risk for suffering from a disorder ten years later as well. This may have significant implications for young people's ability to attain education, establish a family, and participate in occupational life.
Objective
We explored how young adults discussed their experiences with singlehood and their reasons for being single.
Background
Despite singlehood being normative during young adulthood, less ...research has focused on the diversity of singlehood compared to that of romantic involvement.
Method
In Study 1, 35 young adults participated in in‐depth qualitative interviews about their romantic histories. We explored singlehood meanings and reasons in the context of their relationship histories. In Study 2 we used data from 155 single young adults to explore the factor structure, internal reliability, and initial validity of the Reasons for Being Single (RBS) scale, which we developed for this study.
Results
In Study 1 we found that singlehood is not simply the time in‐between relationships, but represents its own, unique aspect of romantic development. In Study 2, our analyses indicated that the RBS was comprised of three subscales: (a) self‐defeating reasons, (b) self‐enhancing reasons, and (c) lack of interest. Self‐defeating reasons were negatively associated with young adult well‐being, whereas self‐enhancing and lack‐of‐interest reasons were positively associated with young adult well‐being.
Conclusion
Singlehood, like other aspects of young adults' romantic lives, is a diverse and varied experience. Singlehood is also neither an entirely positive nor entirely negative experience. Yet, framing singlehood more positively may aid well‐being.
Implications
Within relationship education, being single should be treated as a diverse experience. Helping single young adults gain clarity around why they are single and identify their romantic goals may increase the efficacy of relationship education efforts.
Growing up on a farm is associated with a reduced prevalence of respiratory allergies in childhood. Whether this protective effect remains into adulthood is unknown.
We aimed to prospectively ...investigate the relationship between farm exposure and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and wheeze from childhood to early adulthood.
Participants from phase 2 of the Multidisciplinary Study to Identify the Genetic and Environmental Causes of Asthma in the European Community (GABRIEL) who were living in southern Germany (aged 6-11 years at baseline and 20-25 years at follow-up) were invited to complete a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, farm contact, respiratory symptoms, and potential confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were modeled by using generalized estimating equations.
Of the 2276 phase 2 participants, 1501 (66%) answered the follow-up questionnaire, of whom 1333 could be included in the analyses. Living on a farm was associated with reduced prevalence of allergic rhinitis (OR with persistent farm living = 0.4 95% CI = 0.2-0.6; OR with farm living at baseline only = 0.4 95% CI = 0.2-0.8). The OR for development of symptoms from baseline to follow-up was almost 3 (OR = 2.7 95% CI = 2.1-3.3) irrespective of farm living. For symptoms of wheeze, no statistically significant association with farm living was observed.
The protective effect of farm living on allergic rhinitis persists from childhood to early adulthood. Continuing exposure over puberty does not add to the effect. This confirms that the window of opportunity for a protective effect might be found in childhood.
Although ethnic and racial identity (ERI) are central to the normative development of youth of color, there have been few efforts to bring scholars together to discuss the theoretical complexities of ...these constructs and provide a synthesis of existing work. The Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group was assembled for this purpose. This article provides an overview of the interface of ERI with developmental and contextual issues across development, with an emphasis on adolescence and young adulthood. It proposes a metaconstruct to capture experiences that reflect both individuals' ethnic background and their racialized experiences in a specific sociohistorical context. Finally, it presents milestones in the development of ERI across developmental periods.
Purpose
To investigate the association between social isolation and loneliness, how they relate to depression, and whether these associations are explained by genetic influences.
Methods
We used data ...from the age-18 wave of the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 1116 same-sex twin pairs born in England and Wales in 1994 and 1995. Participants reported on their levels of social isolation, loneliness and depressive symptoms. We conducted regression analyses to test the differential associations of isolation and loneliness with depression. Using the twin study design, we estimated the proportion of variance in each construct and their covariance that was accounted for by genetic and environmental factors.
Results
Social isolation and loneliness were moderately correlated (
r
= 0.39), reflecting the separateness of these constructs, and both were associated with depression. When entered simultaneously in a regression analysis, loneliness was more robustly associated with depression. We observed similar degrees of genetic influence on social isolation (40 %) and loneliness (38 %), and a smaller genetic influence on depressive symptoms (29 %), with the remaining variance accounted for by the non-shared environment. Genetic correlations of 0.65 between isolation and loneliness and 0.63 between loneliness and depression indicated a strong role of genetic influences in the co-occurrence of these phenotypes.
Conclusions
Socially isolated young adults do not necessarily experience loneliness. However, those who are lonely are often depressed, partly because the same genes influence loneliness and depression. Interventions should not only aim at increasing social connections but also focus on subjective feelings of loneliness.
The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is categorized by substantial changes in one's activity behaviors, which may have important implications for health. To date, no reviews have ...systematically investigated the evidence of tracking for both physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) specifically during this transition period.
Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched for articles that examined the tracking of PA and SB in adolescents (aged 9–18 years) through young adulthood (aged 19–25 years) published between the years of 2000 and 2018. Studies were also compared on methodologic quality.
Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The tracking correlations for both the frequency and duration of PA were low-to-moderate. Gender differences were observed in the tracking of PA frequency and duration. Studies that examined the tracking of SB were less frequent, making it difficult to determine how SB tracks from adolescence to young adulthood.
Generally, PA was shown to track moderately from adolescence through young adulthood. The lack of studies reporting on the tracking of SB indicates that this area should be a target for future research. Future tracking studies should consider appropriate gold-standard objective methodologies and statistical analysis techniques that report fixed outcomes.
Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) frequently coexist; however, there is limited evidence on the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood and late-onset CVD.
...Are chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in later life?
A total of 4,621 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) cohort study aged 18 to 30 years were included. Chronic respiratory symptoms were identified through respiratory symptom questionnaires in two consecutive examinations. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality were adjudicated over 30-year follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the association of chronic respiratory symptoms with incident CVD and all-cause mortality.
During a median follow-up of 30.9 years, 284 CVD events (6.15%) and 378 deaths (8.18%) occurred. Following multivariable adjustment for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD events were 1.51 (1.18-1.93) for any respiratory symptom, 1.57 (1.18-2.09) for cough or phlegm, 1.31 (1.01-1.68) for wheeze, 1.73 (1.25-2.41) for shortness of breath, and 1.32 (1.01-1.71) for chest illnesses. Similar findings were also observed in all-cause mortality. Comparing zero vs three to four respiratory symptoms, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 1.97 (1.34-2.91) for CVD and 1.75 (1.23-2.47) for all-cause mortality. Similar results were observed in various sensitivity analyses.
Chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood are associated with an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in midlife independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function. Identifying chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood may help provide prognostic information regarding future cardiovascular health.
ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00005130; URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
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Many working women will experience sexual harassment at some point in their careers. While some report this harassment, many leave their jobs to escape the harassing environment. This mixed-methods ...study examines whether sexual harassment and subsequent career disruption affect women's careers. Using in-depth interviews and longitudinal survey data from the Youth Development Study, we examine the effect of sexual harassment for women in the early career. We find that sexual harassment increases financial stress, largely by precipitating job change, and can significantly alter women's career attainment.
Sexting has been defined as sharing sexually suggestive content (i.e., sexts) via Internet or smartphone. To date, only a few studies investigated the role of personality traits in relation to ...sending or receiving sexts, and most of them used the Five Factor Model of Personality. No studies applied the theoretical model of HEXACO six personality traits (i.e., honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) when examining different types of sexting (i.e., sending own sexts, risky sexting, sharing sexts from someone else without his/her permission, sexting under pressure). Thus, this is the first study that, using a cross-cultural perspective, investigated HEXACO personality predictors of sexting behaviors considered as a multidimensional construct. A total of 5542 participants from 13 to 30 years old (Mage = 20.36; SDage = 3.67; 60.4% girls and 39.6% boys) from 10 different countries participated in the study. Participants completed the sexting behaviors questionnaire and the HEXACO personality inventory. Four hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to investigate which HEXACO personality traits predicted different sexting behaviors, controlling for country, biological sex, age, sexual identity status, and dating relationship status. Results showed that honesty-humility and conscientiousness were negatively predictive of all investigated sexting behaviors. Emotionality and extraversion were positively related, and agreeableness was negatively related to sending own sexts and risky sexting. Finally, openness to experience was negatively related to sharing sexts from someone else without his/her consent and sexting under pressure. Results have implications for the development and implementation of sexual education and prevention programs aimed towards adolescents and young adults.
•This cross-cultural investigated which HEXACO personality traits predicted sexting.•Low honesty/humility and low conscientiousness predicted all sexting behaviors.•Low emotionality predicted risky sexting.•High extraversion and low agreeableness predicted experimental and risky sexting.•Low openness to experience predicted aggravated sexting.
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