This guide provides an insight into a range of visualization techniques for high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). It is provided in the context of investigation and interpretation of ...various types of historical and modern, cultural and natural small-scale relief features and landscape structures. It also provides concise guidance for selecting the best techniques when looking at a specific type of landscape and/or looking for particular kinds of forms.The three main sections – descriptions of visualization techniques, guidance for selection of the techniques, and visualization tools – accompany examples of visualizations, exemplar archaeological and geomorphological case studies, a glossary of terms, and a list of references and recommendations for further reading. The structure facilitates people of different academic background and level of expertise to understand different visualizations, how to read them, how to manipulate the settings in a calculation, and choose the best suited for the purpose of the intended investigation.A smaller amount of books is also available in hardcover (ISBN 978-961-05-0011-7, 24 EUR).
The purpose of this study is to map and analyse how travellers at an airport and on ferries experience, interpret and define the risk, safety and freedom of movement in the northern part of the ...Baltic Sea region with regard to the border agencies. This qualitative study is based on empirically gathered material such as field interviews and fieldwork observations on Stockholm's Arlanda airport in Sweden, and a Tallink Silja Line ferry running between Stockholm and Riga in Latvia. The study's general starting point was an ethno-methodologically inspired perspective on verbal descriptions along with an interactionist perspective which considers interactions expressed through language and gestures. Apart from this starting point, this study focused on the construction of safety as particularly relevant components of the collected empirical material. The study findings suggest that many passengers at the airport and on the ferries hold positive views about the idea of the freedom of movement in Europe, but are scared of threats coming from outside Europe. The travellers created and re-created the phenomenon of safety which is maintained in contrast to others, in this case the threats from outside Europe. The passengers in this study construct safety by distinguishing against the others outside Europe but also through interaction with them. The passengers emphasise that the freedom of movement is personally beneficial because it is easier for EU citizens to travel within Europe but, at the same time, it is regarded as facilitating the entry of potential threats into the European Union.
V članku analiziramo metodo izgradnje digitalnega modela reliefa iz podatkov lidar na testnih primerih z območja Slovenije. Ker obe metodi temeljita na konceptih matematične morfologije, podrobneje ...predstavimo eno, medtem ko uvodoma podamo splošen pregled del na obravnavanem območju. Rezultati pokažejo, da se z obema metodama pravilno določi teren v več kot 90 odstotkih, in sta zato obe primerni za uporabo tudi na geografsko tako razgibanem območju, kot je Slovenija. Čeprav je na ravninskih območjih njuna natančnost primerljiva, opisana metoda omogoča natančnejšo izgradnjo digitalnega modela reliefa predvsem na zahtevnejših, goratih območjih z relativno strmimi in spremenljivimi nakloni ter na območjih s terasami. Tudi v teh primerih povprečna absolutna višinska napaka ni večja od 15 centimetrov ; This paper reviews two methods for digital terrain model generation from LiDAR data in test cases in Slovenia; both methods are based on concepts of mathematical morphology. A general overview of methods is given in the introduction, one of which is presented in more detail. The results show that both methods are able to correctly extract terrain points in more than 90% of the cases and are, therefore, suitable for usage even for such geographically diverse regions as Slovenia. Although the accuracy of both methods is comparable in cases of flat areas, the described method performs significantly better in problematic cases, such as hilly areas with relatively steep variable slopes, and terrains containing terraces. Even in these cases, the average absolute height error is not higher than 15 cm.
Remote sensing has developed various methods and technologies for contactless and cost-effective mapping of large area land cover/land use maps and other thematic maps. The key factor for the ...availability and reliability of these maps for use in Earth sciences is the development of effective procedures for satellite data analysis and classification. The most appropriate approach for classifying low and medium resolution satellite images (pixel size is coarser than, or at best similar to, the size of geographical objects) is pixel-based classification in which an individual pixel is classified into the closest class based on its spectral similarity. With increasing spatial resolution, pixel-based classification methods became less effective, since the relationship between the pixel size and the dimension of the observed objects on the Earth's surface has changed significantly. Therefore object-oriented classification has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This combines segmentation (which is a fundamental phase of the approach) and contextual classification. Segmentation divides the image into homogeneous pixel groups (segments), which are -during the semantic classification process - arranged into classes based on their spectral, geometric, textural and other features during. The intent of this paper is to present the theoretical argumentation and methodology of object-based image analysis of remote sensing data, provide an overview of the field and point out certain restrictions as regards the current operational solutions.
Remote sensing has developed various methods and technologies for contactless and cost-effective mapping of large area land cover/land use maps and other thematic maps. The key factor for the ...availability and reliability of these maps for use in Earth sciences is the development of effective procedures for satellite data analysis and classification. The most appropriate approach for classifying low and medium resolution satellite images (pixel size is coarser than, or at best similar to, the size of geographical objects) is pixel-based classification in which an individual pixel is classified into the closest class based on its spectral similarity. With increasing spatial resolution, pixel-based classification methods became less effective, since the relationship between the pixel size and the dimension of the observed objects on the Earth's surface has changed significantly. Therefore object-oriented classification has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This combines segmentation (which is a fundamental phase of the approach) and contextual classification. Segmentation divides the image into homogeneous pixel groups (segments), which are - during the semantic classification process - arranged into classes based on their spectral, geometric, textural and other features during. The intent of this paper is to present the theoretical argumentation and methodology of object-based image analysis of remote sensing data, provide an overview of the field and point out certain restrictions as regards the current operational solutions.
The book presents a method to create a land cover map from lidar data (elevation, intensity and standard deviation of height). The intensity of the observed object depends on many factors and is ...therefore not easy to interpret. With careful study of the problem and implementing various improvements we managed to distinctively classify categories of grass, agricultural fields and asphalt. We used standard deviation of height to differentiate trees and buildings, because this was not possible using intensity data alone. On the basis of independent lidar data a high quality three dimensional land cover map of local area has been successfully generated. It distinguishes five basic categories, although more detailed sub-categories could be introduced if necessary. Once the methodology is determined, products can be generated fully automatically, with minimal effort and costs. The resulting maps are of very high positional and thematic accuracy with numerous advantages for local studies.
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