In this edited volume, updates in the field of health and disease are presented. Chapter One studies the incidence of hearing loss in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infections. Chapter Two reviews the current literature concerning the multifactorial theories and etiologies of glaucomatous optic disc change and visual field loss in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Chapter Three discusses the effectiveness of endovascular treatment for peripheral arterial disease, which is common in dialysis patients. Chapter Four describes a new technique for severely calcified infrapopliteal artery lesions called percutaneous intraluminal needle cracking. Chapter Five aims to identify the occurrence of chronic kidney disease in the family members of chronic hemodialysis patients. Chapter Six describes methods for the outpatient management of oncologic patients with solid tumors and febrile neutropenia. Chapter Seven ascertains the suitability of peritoneal dialysis as a first choice for treatment of acute kidney injury patients. Chapter Eight reports on the application of a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode for the determination of phenylbutazone using the differential pulse voltammetry, as a simple alternative method for quality control of this drug. Chapter Nine investigates the liaison between contaminated foods and the occurrence of illness in consumers to provide a clear picture of reports during the years 2010-2020. Lastly, Chapter Ten reviews the benefits and limitations of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the evidence behind the recommendations to support their use in different patient populations.