Joining the Counterinsurgency: Explaining Pro-Government Militia Participation in the Philippines

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Joining the Counterinsurgency: Explaining Pro-Government Militia Participation in the Philippines

Eastin, Joshua; Zech, Steven T.

Studies in conflict and terrorism, 08/2022, Volume: 45, Issue: 9

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What motivates civilians to fight in a progovernment militia? This article draws on survey and interview data from active members of Citizen Armed Forces Geographical Units (CAFGU), a progovernment militia in the Philippines, to evaluate why individuals enlist. We find poverty and unemployment to be key drivers of group membership, and the biggest attraction a steady paycheck. This situation presents a moral hazard for the Philippine government and other states that rely on impoverished citizens to wage counterinsurgency: while doing so can be cost-effective, the need to keep costs low might also impede efforts at socioeconomic or political reform.

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