Confucianism imposes a great influence on Chinese ongoing educational reform. Based on Confucianism, Chinese education presented a lot of characteristics in line with the social needs and era characteristics. This paper reviews the development course of Chinese educational reform from the era of Confucius to new culture movement, from the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, which marked China’s entry into a new era, and summarizes the essential characteristics, achievements, and challenges in the reform. It indicates that the goal of all these educational reforms is to continuously reform and improve the education system and make it in line with the emerging conditions and lived reality, in order to build a society of truth, goodness, and hard work.