•BPS caused endocrine disruption in the prostate of male and female gerbils.•BPS caused more pronounced prostate morphological changes than BPA.•BPS promoted up-regulation of the androgen and estrogen receptors in the prostate. This study evaluated the effects of BPS (40 μg/kg/day, during 28 consecutive days) on the male ventral prostate and female prostate of adult gerbils. For comparative purposes, gerbils were also exposed to BPA under the same experimental conditions. The prostates were submitted to biometric, morphometric, histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. The results demonstrated that exposure to both types of bisphenol caused no changes in testosterone or estradiol serum levels. Morphologically, the effects of BPS and BPA on female prostates were similar and included changes in prostatic tissue compartments, glandular hyperplasia, AR and ERα up-regulation and increased cell proliferation. In males, BPS and BPA promoted differential effects, since the prostate presented morphological changes and proliferative disorders that were more pronounced in the BPS group. Therefore, this study demonstrates that BPS caused endocrine disruption in the prostate of male and female gerbils.