The evolution of manufacturing systems, influenced by changes along four axes - products, technology, business strategies and production paradigms - is presented. Adoption of human-centric decision making in meshed collaboration with intelligent systems is examined. Implications and preparedness for the shift towards more responsive, intelligent adaptive systems are reviewed. Research and industrial use cases are presented. A vision for the new future Adaptive Cognitive Manufacturing System (ACMS) paradigm and its characteristics, drivers and enablers are articulated highlighting the digital and cognitive transformations. Perspectives and insights are offered for future research, education, and work to realize the evolution of manufacturing systems.