A Global Review of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines Herforth, Anna; Arimond, Mary; Álvarez-Sánchez, Cristina ...
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.),
07/2019, Letnik:
10, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT
The objective of this review is to provide a concise, descriptive global review of current food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), and to assess similarities and differences in key elements of ...a healthy diet articulated across countries. Information was sourced from the FBDG repository of the FAO, which catalogs FBDG for all countries where they are available, including a description of the food guide (the graphic representation of the dietary guidelines), a set of key messages, and downloadable documents provided by the countries. FBDG are currently available for 90 countries globally: 7 in Africa, 17 in Asia and the Pacific, 33 in Europe, 27 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 4 in the Near East, and 2 in North America. The year of publication of current versions ranges from 1986 to 2017 (mean 2009). This review provides summaries of the key messages and food guides that are used to communicate national dietary guidance, organized by food group, and evaluates the extent to which each set of FBDG includes existing recommendations articulated by the WHO. Some guidance appears nearly universally across countries: to consume a variety of foods; to consume some foods in higher proportion than others; to consume fruits and vegetables, legumes, and animal-source foods; and to limit sugar, fat, and salt. Guidelines on dairy, red meat, fats and oils, and nuts are more variable. Although WHO global guidance encourages consumption of nuts, whole grains, and healthy fats, these messages are not universally echoed across countries. Future frontiers in FBDG development include the incorporation of environmental sustainability and increased attention to sociocultural factors including rapidly changing dietary trends. Steps toward regional and global dietary recommendations could be helpful for refinement of country-level FBDG, and for clear communication and measurement of diet quality both nationally and globally.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers and have been detected ubiquitously in the remote atmosphere. Fourteen OPEs were analyzed in 115 aerosol phase ...samples collected from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans during the MALASPINA circumnavigation campaign. OPEs were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 360 to 4400 pg m–3 for the sum of compounds. No clear concentration trends were found between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The pattern was generally dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), although tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) had a predominant role in samples close to continents and in those influenced by air masses originating in continents. The dry deposition fluxes of aerosol phase ∑14OPE ranged from 4 to 140 ng m–2 d–1. An estimation of the OPE gas phase concentration and gross absorption fluxes by using three different sets of physical chemical properties suggested that the atmosphere–ocean diffusive exchange of OPEs could be 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than dry deposition. The associated organic phosphorus inputs coming from diffusive OPE fluxes were estimated to potentially trigger up to 1.0% of the reported primary production in the most oligotrophic oceanic regions. However, the uncertainty associated with these calculations is high and mostly driven by the uncertainty of the physical chemical properties of OPEs. Further constraints of the physical chemical properties and fluxes of OPEs are urgently needed, in order to estimate their environmental fate and relevance as a diffusive source of new organic phosphorus to the ocean.
Display omitted
•Barley straw is a renewable source to obtain bioactive xylooligosaccharides (XOS).•The use of accessories enzymes enhanced productivity of XOS (DP2-DP6).•Fermentation residues had a ...high potential such source of lignin in a biorefinery.•The lignin-rich residue has a heating value of 23.4 MJ/kg.•130 g XOS (DP2-DP6) and 126 g of bioethanol were generated from 1 kg barley straw.
Barley straw (BS) is a potential source to obtain bioethanol and value-added products such as xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and lignin for application in diverse industries. In this study, BS was submitted to steam explosion pretreatment to valorize the main components of this lignocellulose biomass. For hemicellulose fraction valorization, different combinations of endo-β-(1,4)-D-xylanase enzyme with accessory enzymes (α-L-arabinofuranosidase, feruloy -esterase and acetylxylan-esterase) have been studied to produce XOS with a low degree of polymerization. The application of accessory enzymes combined with endo-β-(1,4)-D-xylanase enzymes turned out to be the most effective strategy for the formation of XOS. The solid fraction obtained after the pretreatment was submitted to presacharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for bioethanol production. The resulting lignin-rich residue was characterized. In this integrated process, 13.0 g XOS (DP2-DP6), 12.6 g ethanol and 16.6 g lignin were obtained from 100 g of BS, achieving the goal of valorizing this agricultural residue.
A new nucleophilic monomer (2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)adamantane, ADHAB) having bulky adamantane groups has been synthesized following an efficient synthetic methodology. The main target of ...this work was to employ a high thermal stable bulky cycloaliphatic moiety as adamantane to obtain aromatic ortho-hydroxypolyimides (poly(o-hydroxyimide)s) able to thermally rearrange to give polybenzoxazole (TR-PBO) materials that could be tested as gas separation membranes. Thus, an array of ortho-acetylcopolyimides, o-acetyl PIs) were prepared by reaction of ADHAB and 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (APAF) with 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) via chemical imidization. Copolyimides and homopolyimides showed inherent viscosities ranging from 0.49 to 0.70 dL/g and provided good-quality dense membranes. Glass transition temperatures of these o-acetyl copolyimides were higher as the amount of ADHAB increased. The thermal stability of the adamantane moiety during the TR process was evaluated by directly synthesizing PBOs, which were made from the reaction, and ulterior thermal cyclization, of 2,2-bis(4-chlorocarbonylphenyl)-hexafluoropropane with ADHAB/APAF. TR-PBO membranes made through a thermal treatment at 450 °C for 30 min showed excellent gas separation properties for the CO2/CH4 gas pair with values close to the 2008 Robeson limit.
A new generation of confined palladium(II) catalysts covalently attached inside of porous organic polymers (POPs) has been attained. The synthetic approach employed was straightforward, and there ...was no prerequisite for making any modification of the precursor polymer. First, POP-based catalytic supports were obtained by reacting one symmetric trifunctional aromatic monomer (1,3,5-triphenylbenzene) with two ketones having electron-withdrawing groups (4,5-diazafluoren-9-one, DAFO, and isatin) in superacidic media. The homopolymers and copolymers were made using stoichiometric ratios between the functional groups, and they were obtained with quantitative yields after the optimization of reaction conditions. Moreover, the number of chelating groups (bipyridine moieties) available to bind Pd(II) ions to the catalyst supports was modified using different DAFO/isatin ratios. The resulting amorphous polymers and copolymers showed high thermal stability, above 500 °C, and moderate–high specific surface areas (from 760 to 935 m2 g–1), with high microporosity contribution (from 64 to 77%). Next, POP-supported Pd(II) catalysts were obtained by simple immersion of the catalyst supports in a palladium(II) acetate solution, observing that the metal content was similar to that theoretically expected according to the amount of bipyridine groups present. The catalytic activity of these heterogeneous catalysts was explored for the synthesis of biphenyl and terphenyl compounds, via the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using a green solvent (ethanol/water), low palladium loads, and aerobic conditions. The findings showed excellent catalytic activity with quantitative product yields. Additionally, the recyclability of the catalysts, by simply washing it with ethanol, was excellent, with a sp2–sp2 coupling yield higher than 95% after five cycles of use. Finally, the feasibility of these catalysts to be employed in tangible organic reactions was assessed. Thus, the synthesis of a bulky compound, 4,4′-dimethoxy-5′-tert-butyl-m-terphenylene, which is a precursor of a thermal rearrangement monomer, was scaled-up to 2 g, with high conversion and 96% yield of the pure product.
The production of so-called advanced bioethanol offers several advantages compared to traditional bioethanol production processes in terms of sustainability criteria. This includes, for instance, the ...use of nonfood crops or residual biomass as raw material and a higher potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The present review focuses on the recent progress related to the production of advanced bioethanol, (i) highlighting current results from using novel biomass sources such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and certain industrial residues (e.g., residues from the paper, food, and beverage industries); (ii) describing new developments in pretreatment technologies for the fractionation and conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as the bioextrusion process or the use of novel ionic liquids; (iii) listing the use of new enzyme catalysts and microbial strains during saccharification and fermentation processes. Furthermore, the most promising biorefinery approaches that will contribute to the cost-competitiveness of advanced bioethanol production processes are also discussed, focusing on innovative technologies and applications that can contribute to achieve a more sustainable and effective utilization of all biomass fractions. Special attention is given to integrated strategies such as lignocellulose-based biorefineries for the simultaneous production of bioethanol and other high added value bioproducts.
Healthcare interpreters X, Y, Z Monzó-Nebot, Esther; Álvarez-Álvarez, Cristina R
Translation Spaces,
5/2024, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study explores how differences between generations X (people born from 1965 to 1980), Y (1980s and 1990s), and Z (mid-90s to early 2000s) have an impact on healthcare interpreters’ job ...satisfaction. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), the paper argues that the degree to which a work environment nurtures interpreters’ feelings of competence, connectedness, and autonomy can determine how motivated they feel, resulting in different degrees of job satisfaction. Stressing the organismic component in SDT, the paper further hypothesizes that the motivation in healthcare interpreting is mediated by interpreters’ values and that these vary across generations. An exploratory and qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews is conducted with 9 interpreters (3 from each generational group) who are working or have worked for the same hospital group. The differences in motivational factors and satisfaction are explored and implications for the ability of healthcare interpreting to retain the different generations are discussed.
Combined soda and enzyme-catalyzed extrusion pretreatment (bioextrusion) of barley straw was evaluated for bioethanol production. The effect of the enzyme dose on the bioextrudate was for the first ...time analyzed. The enzyme load (5–10 FPU/g DM) had a significant impact on the solubilization of sugars during bioextrusion and also affected the saccharification yield at long incubation times. The solids concentration (17–25% w/w) in the extended incubation of bioextrudates was also studied and its effect on the carbohydrate conversion and sugar release was evaluated. An enzyme dose of 10 FPU/g dry matter and a solids content of 20% (w/w) were selected as the best conditions to submit the bioextrudate to a liquefaction plus simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (LSSCF) process using a modified S. cerevisiae strain. At the end of the process, an ethanol concentration close to 38 g/l was obtained, corresponding to a production of 15.8 g ethanol/100 g raw barley straw.
•Combined alkali- and enzyme-extrusion is a suitable pretreatment for barley straw.•The effect of enzyme dose and solids content in sugar release was studied.•Fermentation was carried out with a co-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain.•High glucan and xylan conversions of 75% and 61% respectively were obtained.•Ethanol production reaches 15.8 g per 100 g of raw barley straw.
It is critical to identify biomarkers and functional networks associated with aggressive thyroid cancer to anticipate disease progression and facilitate personalized patient management. We performed ...miRNome sequencing of 46 thyroid tumors enriched with advanced disease patients with a median follow‐up of 96 months. MiRNome profiles correlated with tumor‐specific histopathological and molecular features, such as stromal cell infiltration and tumor driver mutation. Differential expression analysis revealed a consistent hsa‐miR‐139‐5p downexpression in primary carcinomas from patients with recurrent/metastatic disease compared to disease‐free patients, sustained in paired local metastases and validated in publicly available thyroid cancer series. Exogenous expression of hsa‐miR‐139‐5p significantly reduced migration and proliferation of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Proteomic analysis indicated RICTOR, SMAD2/3 and HNRNPF as putative hsa‐miR‐139‐5p targets in our cell system. Abundance of HNRNPF mRNA, encoding an alternative splicing factor involved in cryptic exon inclusion/exclusion, inversely correlated with hsa‐miR‐139‐5p expression in human tumors. RNA sequencing analysis revealed 174 splicing events differentially regulated upon HNRNPF repression in our cell system, affecting genes involved in RTK/RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling cascades among others. These results point at the hsa‐miR‐139‐5p/HNRNPF axis as a novel regulatory mechanism associated with the modulation of major thyroid cancer signaling pathways and tumor virulence.
What's new?
Recurrent or metastatic thyroid cancer generally leads to worse outcomes and higher mortality. To search for a prognostic marker in such cases, these authors sequenced the microRNA expression profile, or miRNome, of 46 thyroid samples. They compared differential expression between patients with recurrent/metastatic disease and those who remained cancer free over the 8‐year follow‐up. One miRNA, hsa‐miR‐139‐5p, was associated with recurrent disease independent of genetic background. Expression of hsa‐miR‐139‐5p, they found, influences expression of an alternative splicing factor, HNRNPF, which in turn controls the transcript balance of genes involved in key cancer‐related pathways, a novel mechanism associated with tumor virulence.
Three aromatic polyimides (PIs) based on diamines containing a biphenyl unit and CF3-groups in the m-position to amines and 6FDA of high-molecular weights were synthesized. The polymers differed by ...number of methyl-substituents in the biphenyl moiety, as 6FDA-BFAPB, PI without methyl substituents, 6FDA-4MeBFAPB, PI with four methyl groups, and 6FDA-4MeBFAPB, PI with six methyl groups. The comparative analysis of the polymer properties was performed with focus on their gas transport properties. All PIs demonstrated high thermostability, with decomposition temperature above 450 °C in an inert atmosphere and char yield of 45–50% but were readily soluble at room temperature even in common organic solvents. The T g’s of PIs bearing methyl groups were notably higher than that of 6FDA-BFAPB, indicating their more rigid backbone chains. Detailed investigation of the PIs’ gas transport properties was also made for pure gases and real gas mixture in the wide interval of pressures. It was shown that introduction of the methyl substituents in the main polymer chain resulted in an important improvement of the gas transport properties; both methylated PIs were located much closer to the Robeson limit.
PDF
