Psikoloji literatüründe haset ilk olarak psikanalitik yaklaşım tarafından çalışılmaya başlanmakla beraber, bu çalışmalar kavramsallaştırma ve tanımlama ile sınırlı kalmış ve ölçüm çalışmaları ancak ...son yıllarda gerçekleştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Literatür taramalarında bulunan diğer dillerde geliştirilmiş ölçekler incelendiğinde, yaygın olarak kullanılan ölçeklerin haseti sadece kötücül boyutuyla ele aldığı ve Türkçede gıpta olarak nitelendirilen, hasetin güdüleyici, olumlu boyutunu ölçmediği görülmüştür. İngilizce olarak 2015 yılında geliştirilen BeMaS (Benign and Malicious Envy Scale) Haset ve Gıpta Ölçeği bu anlamda hasetin hem olumlu, hem de olumsuz boyutunu ölçen ilk ölçektir. Bu çalışmada, belirtilen haset ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlama, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yöntem: Dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışmasında 44 İngilizce okutmanına, üç hafta ara ile Türkçe ve İngilizce formlar uygulanmıştır. Güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik analizleri için uygulanan anketlere katılan 422 kişi 18-65 yaşları arasında, katılımcıların %64’ü kadın ve yaş ortalaması 32.92’dir. Bulgular: Analizlerde kullanılan t testi ve Pearson korelasyon sonuçları dilsel eşdeğerliğin sağlandığını göstermektedir. Kullanılan test-tekrar test, Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık ve madde analizleri de ölçeğin güvenilirliğinin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Geçerlilik analizleri için uygulanan açımlayıcı ve çoklu özellik çoklu yöntem bulguları ölçeğin iki faktörlü bir yapıda ve kabul edilebilir düzeyde uyum indekslerini sağladığını göstermektedir. Ölçeğin yakınsama geçerliliği için haset ve gıpta ile sosyal karşılaştırma yönelimi arasındaki korelasyon incelenmiş ve anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin ayırt edici geçerliliği için yapılan analizlerde haset boyutunun nevrotizm ve benlik saygısı ile pozitif yönlü, şükür ile negatif yönlü anlamlı ilişkileri olduğu görülmüştür. Tartışma: Bu araştırmanın bulguları BeMaS-T Haset ve Gıpta Ölçeğinin yetişkinlerde haset ve gıpta eğilimlerini ölçebilen, dilsel açıdan eşdeğerliği olan, güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. (Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2017; 18(6):577-585)
Objective: Even though the psychoanalytic approach was the first to study envy in psychology literature, those studies were limited to conceptualization and definition where studies of measurement ...have been carried out only in recent years. In the literature search, when the scales developed in different languages have been examined, it was seen that the commonly used scales evaluate envy only with its malicious dimension and do not measure motivating and positive dimension of envy, which is referred to as 'gipta' in Turkish. Benign and Malicious Envy Scale (BeMaS) that was developed in 2015 is the first scale to measure envy both with its positive and negative dimension. In this study, Turkish adaptation, reliability and validity studies of the aforementioned envy scale have been implemented. Methods: In the transliteral equivalence study, Turkish and English forms have been administered to 44 English instructors with a 3-week interval. For the reliability and validity analyses, 422 individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 participated in the surveys of whom 64% was female and mean age was 32.92. Results: Results of t test and Pearson correlation analyses showed that transliteral equivalence was supported. Test-retest, Cronbach alpha internal consistency, and item analyses also showed that the scale had high levels of reliability. Results of the exploratory and multitrait-multimethod analyses used for the validity study indicated that the scale consisted of two factors and achieved acceptable levels of fit indices. For convergent validity, the correlation between malicious-benign envy and social comparison orientation was examined and a significant relation was observed. In the analyses used for divergent validity, malicious envy was found to be in a positive correlation with neuroticism and self-esteem and significantly negatively correlated with gratitude. Discussion: Results of this study revealed that BeMaS-T Benign and Malicious Envy Scale is a transliterally equivalent, reliable, and valid tool that can measure dispositional benign and malicious envy in adults. Keywords: malicious envy, benign envy, scale adaptation, validity, reliability Amac: Psikoloji literaturunde haset ilk olarak psikanalitik yaklasim tarafindan calisilmaya baslanmakla beraber, bu calismalar kavramsallastirma ve tanimlama ile sinirli kalmis ve olcum calismalari ancak son yillarda gerceklestirilmeye baslanmistir. Literatur taramalarinda bulunan diger dillerde gelistirilmis olcekler incelendiginde, yaygin olarak kullanilan olceklerin haseti sadece kotucul boyutuyla ele aldigi ve Turkcede gipta olarak nitelendirilen, hasetin guduleyici, olumlu boyutunu olcmedigi gorulmutur. Ingilizce olarak 2015 yilinda gelistirilen BeMaS (Benign and Malicious Envy Scale) Haset ve Gipta Olcegi bu anlamda hasetin hem olumlu, hem de olumsuz boyutunu olcen ilk olcektir. Bu calismada, belirtilen haset olceginin Turkce uyarlama, guvenilirlik ve gecerlilik calismalari gerceklestirilmistir. Yontem: Dilsel esdegerlik calismasinda 44 Ingilizce okutmanina, uc hafta ara ile Turkce ve Ingilizce formlar uygulanmistir. Guvenilirlik ve gecerlilik analizleri icin uygulanan anketlere katilan 422 kisi 18-65 yaslari arasinda, katilimcilarin %64'u kadin ve yas ortalamasi 32.92'dir. Bulgular: Analizlerde kullanilan t testi ve Pearson korelasyon sonuclari dilsel esdegerligin saglandigini gostermektedir. Kullanilan test- tekrar test, Cronbach alfa ic tutarlilik ve madde analizleri de olcegin guvenilirliginin yuksek oldugunu gostermektedir. Gecerlilik analizleri icin uygulanan acimlayici ve coklu ozellik coklu yontem bulgulari olcegin iki faktorlu bir yapida ve kabul edilebilir duzeyde uyum indekslerini sagladigini gostermektedir. Olcegin yakinsama gecerliligi icin haset ve gipta ile sosyal karsilastirma yonelimi arasindaki korelasyon incelenmis ve anlamli bir iliski elde edilmistir. Olcegin ayirt edici gecerliligi icin yapilan analizlerde haset boyutunun nevrotizm ve benlik saygisi ile pozitif yonlu, sukur ile negatif yonlu anlamli iliskileri oldugu gorulmustur. Tartisma: Bu arastirmanin bulgulari BeMaS-T Haset ve Gipta Olceginin yetiskinlerde haset ve gipta egilimlerini olcebilen, dilsel acidan esdegerligi olan, guvenilir ve gecerli bir olcum araci oldugunu gostermektedir. Anahtar sozcukler: Haset, gipta, olcek uyarlama, gecerlilik, guvenilirlik
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel monomer (6,9-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-11H-indeno2,1-bquinoxalin-11-one (M1)). M1 monomer was electrochemically polymerized on the ...electrode surface and used as a sensing platform for the immobilization of laccase. Moreover, electrochemical and optical properties of the corresponding polymer were performed in detail. To the best of our knowledge, electrochemical and biosensor performance of the polymer were investigated for the first time. The PM1/Laccase were used in the fabrication of a new biosensor for determination of catechol in water samples by amperometric methods. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curve showed a linear range of 0.005–0.175 mM, with a limit of detection of 9.86 μM and high sensitivity of 153.6 μA/mMcm2. The biosensor exhibited good stability, selectivity and high sensitivity toward catechol.
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•Synthesis, characterization and electropolymerization of a novel monomer (6,9-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-11H-indeno2,1-bquinoxalin-11-one (M1).•Optical and electrochromic properties of a novel indenoquinoxalinone based conjugated polymer.•A novel laccase biosensor for high sensitive catechol detection.
In this study two donor-acceptor type alternating polymers containing electron-deficient benzotriazole moiety and electron-rich selenophene bearing benzodithiophene moiety; P1 and P2, were designed ...and synthesized via Stille polymerization. Moreover, the effects of thiophene and selenophene as π-bridges on optical, electrochemical and optoelectronic features of polymers were examined. The optical band gap values of P1 and P2 were found as 1.47 eV and 1.72 eV, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry studies were performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of polymers. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of P1 and P2 were recorded as −5.45/−3.09 eV and −5.49/−3.21 eV, correspondingly. Optical, electrochemical and optoelectronic studies of P1 and P2 demonstrated that both two polymers were suitable to be utilized as donor materials for bulk heterojunction organic solar cell applications. Photovoltaic properties were investigated ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al device structure measured under standard AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW/cm2). As a consequence of photovoltaic measurements, the highest power conversion efficiency values were recorded as 2.41% for P1:PC71BM (1:2) (w/w) based device with a VOC 0.83 V, a JSC 5.66 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 51.22% values.
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•Selenophene Bearing Benzodithiophene and benzotriazole containing alternating conjugated polymers•The construction of bulk-heterojunction solar cells: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al•Power conversion efficiency of the best device was reached to 2.41 %.•For P1 and P2 based devices, CB:DCB (1:1) solvent mixture exhibited the best performance.
•Polymers with selenophene substituted benzodithiophene and benzothiadiazole was synthesized.•BHJ solar cells fabricated with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al configuration.•The effect of the ...number of f atoms on benzothiadiazole acceptor was investigated.•The DIO addition into the blend increased the efficiency of the solar cells.•The solar cell reached the highest efficiency up to 2.63% for PBDTSe-FFBT polymer.
A series of alternating conjugated copolymers which contain selenophene modified benzodithiophene and fluorine bearing benzothiadiazole have been synthesized via Stille polycondensation reaction to investigate the effect of the number of fluorine atoms substituted to the benzothiadiazole. Three different polymers, PBDTSe-BT, PBDTSe-FBT and PBDTSe-FFBT, were reported and their electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and photovoltaic behaviors were examined. Density functional theory calculations were performed on model tetramer structures to shed light on how substituting the fluorine atom to the acceptor building block affects the structural, electronic and optical properties of the polymers. The results of computational studies were compared with experimental studies. The structure adjustment accomplished by fluorine substitution on the benzothiadiazole moiety reveals an influence on the electronic structure of polymers with a more negative HOMO energy level. A high VOC for the resulting photovoltaic device was examined for PBDTSe-FFBT. Difluorinated polymer PBDTSe-FFBT:PC71BM organic solar cell exhibited the highest photovoltaic performance of 2.63% with JSC of 7.24 mA cm-2, VOC of 0.72 V and FF of 50.6%. PBDTSe-BT:PC71BM revealed the best PCE as 2.39%, and the device reached the highest efficiency up to 1.68% for PBDTSe-FBT:PC71BM.
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Herein, a novel D‐A‐D type monomer that contains hexylthiophene as the donor and benzoc1,2,5thiadiazole as the acceptor has been electropolymerized successfully to yield P(DTFBT) and its ...electrochromic properties and performance in amperometric biosensors have been investigated. The polymer shows great electrochemical features with low band gap and multichromic properties. Additionally, after polymer modification, laccase was immobilized on a modified electrode surfaces for catechol sensing. Biosensor optimization values, cycle number, enzyme amount, pH and also interfering effect of some possible compounds were investigated. With optimum values, analytical characterization of the sensor was determined. Kmapp, LOD and sensitivity values were estimated as 0.11 mM, 0.014 mM and 166.74 μA/(mM cm2), respectively. The experimental results revealed that the sensor shows satisfactory accuracy and confirms the proposed sensor has a potential candidate for catechol quantification.
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•Polymers with selenophene substituted benzodithiophene and quinoxaline were synthesized.•BHJ solar cells fabricated with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al configuration.•The effect ...of the alkylselenophyl side group and thiophene and selenophene π-bridges on solar cell applications was investigated.•The solar cell reached the highest efficiency up to 4.47% with P3-based polymer.
A series of donor–acceptor type alternative polymers containing 2D-BDT and 1D-BDT as the donors and quinoxaline as the acceptor were successfully obtained by Stille coupling reactions. Synthesized polymers containing selenophene and thiophene as π-bridges in their backbones and 2-ethylhexylselenophene and 2-ethylhexylalkoxy side groups on the BDT structure were named as P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively. Eonsetox and Eonsetred were investigated for P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively. Onset oxidation potentials and onset reduction potentials for P2 and P4 containing selenophene π-bridge in their structure were measured at lower levels than P1 and P3 containing thiophene π-bridge. Maximum absorptions for P1 and P2 containing 2D-benzodithiophene were observed at 595 nm and 610 nm, while maximum absorption peaks were observed at 575 nm and 610 nm for P3 and P4 polymers. It was observed that the absorption onset of P2 and P4 polymers containing selenophene π bridges were relatively red-shifted to 735 nm and 732 nm, respectively. According to the kinetic studies, the maximum optical contrast was observed in the bipolaron region for all polymers and was measured as 57% for P1 and P2, 52% for P3, and 55% for P4, respectively. Theoretical calculations were executed on model tetramer structures to shed light on how changing the π-bridge and substituent on benzodithiophene along the building block influenced the electronic, structural and optical properties of the designed polymers. All polymers were used as electron rich donor materials for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al device architecture. P3-based solar cell device resulted the highest power conversion efficiency as 4.47% with VOC, JSC and FF values of 0.80 V, 10.08 mA/cm2 and 55.5%, respectively.
The reasonable selection and optimization of donor-acceptor units allow the band gap tuning as well as the light absorption ability and the energy levels of the photoactive layer of Bulk ...Heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. In this work, a series of new quinoxaline and selenophene based benzo1,2-b:4,5-b′ dithiophene (BDT) bearing conjugated polymers were synthesized via Pd (0) catalyzed Stille polycondensation reaction. The 2-(2-octyldodecyl)selenophene ring was attached to 4th and 8th positions of phenyl ring in BDT to obtain donor moiety and three different quinoxaline moieties as acceptors were introduced into the BDT backbone. After completion of synthesis of desired polymers, their structures were identified with 1H NMR spectroscopy and their number and weight average molecular weights were examined with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The effects of introducing fused structure and incorporation of an electron withdrawing F atom to the quinoxaline part on the electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, optical and morphological properties of the synthesized polymers were examined and correlated to the photovoltaic performance. Both polymers namely P1, P2 and P3 were utilized as donor segments in active layer. They were combined with PC71BM (6,6-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester) as the acceptor to fabricate bulk heterojunction solar cells. Highest power conversion efficiencies were found as 2.36% for P1, 2.07% for P2 and 2.45% for P3 under AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm2) conditions.
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•New quinoxaline and selenophene based benzo1,2-b:4,5-b′ dithiophene (BDT) bearing three different conjugated polymers.•These are promising materials for BHJ solar cells with following construction: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al.•PCE of best devices are as following: 2.36% for P1, 2.07% for P2 and 2.45% for P3 under AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm2) conditions.•The effects of fused structure and an electron withdrawing F atom on the quinoxaline part were investigated.
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