The antimicrobial activity of hop extracts obtained from different hop genotypes were investigated against
and
. In this study the pure xanthohumol, purified β-acids rich fraction, as well as α-acids ...with β-acids rich fraction were used to test antimicrobial activity against
and
; whereby, the antimicrobial activity of different hop extracts against
was studied for the first time. Microbial susceptibility to purified hydroacetonic extracts from different hop varieties was investigated by the broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The hop hydroacetonic extracts were more effective against
than against
. Strong inverse correlations of MIC and MBC values were obtained with xanthohumol, cohumulone, n+adhumulone, colupulone and n+adlupulone contents, suggesting that the identified chemical hop compounds are directly responsible for antimicrobial effects. Moreover, the effect of the growth medium strength on the MIC values of hop extracts against
was systematically investigated for the first time. The current study also reveals the effect of different hop extracts on
, which responds to their presence by lag phase extension and generation time prolongation.
Eryngium amethystinum L. is a wild vegetable used in Croatia. Both E. amethystinum and E. alpinum L. are decorative plants that can also be used in horticulture. To find out the hidden qualities of ...these two species, the following biological activities were studied: essential oil (EO) composition, analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC, GC–MS); phenolic compound content (PC), analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); total phenols as well as total flavonoids, analyzed by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV/Vis); antioxidants, analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (DPPH), β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, chelating activity and reducing power of the extracts; and antimicrobial evaluation by micro-dilution assay and inhibition of Candida albicans blastospore germination. The major constituents of EO were β-caryophyllene (15.2%), α-pinene (10.2%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (9.3%) for E. amethystinum and caryophyllene oxide (27.9%), bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) and germacrene D (8.2%) for E. alpinum. The methanol extracts of both species showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than or equal to 1.944 and 1.11 mg/mL, respectively.
In addition to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), other phytocannabinoids, such as cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabichromene (CBC), also have beneficial effects on human health. A ...high content of CBG is found in plants with the B
genotype, whereas CBC is independent of the allelic chemotype locus B. In basic research models such as mice or rats, CBG has demonstrated anticancer properties, particularly against breast cancer. CBG has shown anti-inflammatory effects on murine colitis and on inflammatory bowel disease as well as stimulatory effects on the feeding behaviors of mice. It has also exhibited inhibition of aldose reductase, which is known to cause an accumulation of sorbitol and increase glucose levels in the blood, which may lead to diabetes. Cannabinoid CBC has also shown anti-inflammatory effects and reduced hypermobility in the gut and has displayed potential
effect on adult neural stem progenitor cells. CBC also exerts modest analgesic properties in rodents, as well as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, pro-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative effects in tumor cells.
•Fifteen hemp cultivars were grown and 13 cannabinoids were determined.•Big differences in cannabinoid content between cultivars were found.•All cultivars corresponded to < 0.2 % limit of total ...tetrahydrocannabinol.•Tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol ratio > 1:30 was found in four cultivars.•Bracts from upper and lower inflorescence contains similar cannabinoids content.
Cannabinoid content in different hemp varieties from the Common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species is not well known. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L., subsp. sativa) contains a wide range of cannabinoids, where cannabidiol (CBD) and (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) are the constituents with known therapeutic activity. Also, Δ9-THC is recognized as an illicit drug; therefore, cultivation of hemp is restricted to a 0.2 % limit of THC content in many European countries. In this study, the cannabinoid profiles of 15 hemp varieties, accessible to our research group, were analysed. The content of 13 cannabinoids was determined with HLPC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis. Large variations in cannabinoid content among varieties that grew in uniform conditions (ANOVA p < 0.05) and also within a single variety were found, which shows on un-uniform genetic profiles of the seed material. The varieties Fedora 17, USO 31, Tisza, Tiborszallasi, and Antal all displayed good response to growth conditions, related to cannabinoid content, in Slovenia.
One of the main breeding objectives for hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation is higher seed yield important also for the oil yields. However, there has been limited research on hemp breeding that ...focuses on these topical features. In this study, 17 crosses were created using 12 different hemp varieties. For each variety, five female inflorescences were selected for targeted crossing and one for self-pollination. Seeds from the crosses were sown in separate plots with a seeding density of 30 kg/ha. The number of male and female plants, plant height, internode length, steam thickness, inflorescence length, number of inflorescences per plant, and plant number per plot were measured in crossbred family plants. The absolute weight of seeds per plot, the degree of marbling and oil content were determined. The progeny of the cross between Helena and Tiborszallasi were found to have the highest 100 seed mass (1.546 g, upper half). The offspring of self-pollinated varieties Finola, Tiborszallasi, Fedora 17 and the cross between Helena and Tiborszallasi produced the highest oil content. The progeny of the cross between Futura 75 and KC Dora showed the most promising results in terms of high yield production. This study provided the first important data pertaining to hemp breeding with the goal of increasing oil content and seed yield.
•Evaluation of hemp crosses traits to increase oil and seed content in hemp breeding.•Self-pollinated hemp progenies yield promising results for oil content quantity.•Futura 75 x KC Dora gave the best results in terms of high yield production.•Hemp breeding for oil content has great potential in functional foods.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cannabinoids and terpenoids have therapeutic effects on human and animal health. Cannabis plants can often have a relatively high heterogeneity, which leads to different ...phenotypes that have different chemical profiles despite being from the same variety. Little information exists about cannabinoid and terpenoid profiles in different hemp phenotypes within the same variety. For this study, 11 phenotypes from three different varieties (“Carmagnola” selected (CS), “Tiborszallasi” (TS), and “Finola” selection (FS)) were analyzed. The components of essential oil (29) were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID), and 10 different cannabinoids of each phenotype were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that according to the components of essential oil, FS and TS plants were more uniform than CS plants, where there were great differences between CI and CII phenotypes. The content of cannabinoid CBD-A was the highest in all four FS phenotypes. By comparing cannabinoid profiles, FS was clearly separated from TS and CS, while these two varieties were not clearly distinguishable. Phenotypes TV and CI had the highest total content of Δ-9-THC, while all phenotypes of FS had the highest total content of CBD. The highest total content of CBG was determined in phenotype CI. Obtained results are useful for the development of new supplementary ingredients, for different pharmacy treatments, and for further breeding purposes.
Drought is one of the major environmental devastating stressors that impair the growth and productivity of crop plants. Despite the relevance of drought stress, changes in physiology and resistance ...mechanisms are not completely understood for certain crops, including hop (Humulus lupulus L.). In this research the drought response of hop was studied using a conventional physiological approach (gas exchange techniques, fluorescence, relative water content measurements) and proteomic analysis (2D-DIGE). Plants of two cultivars (Aurora and Savinjski golding) were exposed to progressive drought in a pot experiment and analysed at different stress stages (mild, moderate and severe). Measurements of relative water content revealed a hydrostable water balance of hop. Photosynthesis was decreased due to stomatal and non-stomatal limitation to the same extent in both cultivars. Of 28 identified differentially abundant proteins, the majority were down regulated and included in photosynthetic (41%) and sugar metabolism (33%). Fifteen % of identified proteins were classified into the nitrogen metabolism, 4% were related to a ROS related pathway and 7% to other functions.
•Measurements of relative water content revealed a hydrostable water balance of hop.•Photosynthesis was decreased due to stomatal and non-stomatal limitation to the same extent in both cultivars.•Proteins were included in photosynthetic, sugar and nitrogen metabolism, to a ROS related pathway and to other functions.
Male specific DNA sequences were selected from a Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) mapping study to evaluate their suitability for determination of the sex phenotype among young seedlings in a hop ...(Humulus lupulus L.) breeding program. Ten male specific DArT markers showed complete linkage with male sex phenotype in three crossing families. Following optimization, four were successfully converted into PCR markers and a multiplex PCR approach for their use was developed. Among 197 plants (97 from the world collection; 100 from three segregating families), 94-100% positive correlation with sex phenotypic data was achieved for the single PCR amplification, whereas the multiplex approach showed 100% correlation. To develop a fast and low-cost method, crude sample multiplex PCR was evaluated in 253 progenies from 14 segregating populations without losing accuracy. The study describes, for the first time, the routine application of molecular markers linked to male sex in an intensive Slovenian hop breeding program. The methods described could be employed for screening of sex at the seedling stage in other hop programs worldwide, thereby saving resources for desirable female plants.
Summary
We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12–28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by ...its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes.
Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX‐DETector.
We identified 265 sex‐linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex‐linked genes, we showed that a region of the sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y‐linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.
We report, for the first time in Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Thus, recombination suppression started at least 21–25 Myr ago, and then (either gradually or step‐wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes (c. 70%), leading to a degenerated Y chromosome.
This study aims to do a morphological and biochemical characterization of selected wild hop populations from the Banja Luka region, as plant material with potential value for introduction into plant ...selection. Female inflorescences (cones) from seven populations (DKH3, DKH5, DKH6, DKH8, DKH9, DKH10, and DKH11) were sampled in 2018 and 2019. Hop cones were collected in October 2018 and 2019 for morphological characterization, when 50 cones per population were analyzed, and also the cones were collected in mid-September in 2019 for biochemical characterization. Morphological parameters were carried out for: cone length (cm), number of nodes per cone spindle, cone density, and number of seeds per cone, all important agronomic characters in hop production. Also, 27 components of essential oil and 6 components of hop resins were analyzed. Statistical analysis of morphological characteristics was performed by factorial analysis of variance (year × population), and the significance of individual differences was determined by LSD test. The grouping of examined hop populations according to the manifested morphological characteristics was performed by cluster analysis. Statistical analysis for biochemical characteristics was performed by analysis of variance, and the significance of the differences was tested by Tukey’s statistical test. In order to determine similarities between different population multivariant statistical method Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. According to morphological and biochemical analysis, DKH6 hop population is singled out as the most valuable for hop breeding.
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