U radu se istražuje sastojinska dinamika pretplaninske šume obične smreke u Niskim Tatrama u Slovačkoj. U posljednje je vrijeme stanje planinskih šuma smreke nezadovoljavajuće, a posljedica je to ...jakih olujnih vjetrova i napada potkornjaka. Istraživanje se ponajprije bavi rekonstrukcijom prirodnih poremećaja koji su utjecali na lokalitet.Istraživanje je provedeno na reprezentativnom lokalitetu na području planine Veľký Bok u Niskim Tatrama, središnja Slovačka. Nakon sječe sušaca, iz panjeva stabala smreke uzeli smo izvrtke (N=60). Koristili smo kriterij granične linije za procjenu pojave signala natprosječnog debljinskog prirasta.Rekonstruirali smo kronologiju lokalnih poremećaja i obnove sastojine. Jasno su se pokazale tri iznadprosječne kulminacije debljinskoga prirasta, u razdoblju do 1860–1880.; 1920−1940. i 1980−2000. godine. Istraživanjem povijesnih izvora potvrdili smo uočena razdoblja prirodnih poremećaja. Što se tiče obnove sastojine, 50 % analiziranih stabala zadovoljili su kriterij obnovljenih progala. Vremenski položaj prirodne obnove sastojine usko je povezan s pojavom jakih prirodnih poremećaja. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da su jaki vjetrovi prirodna pojava u pretplaninskim šumama smreke te da je ukupna tekstura istraživanih šuma posljedica djelovanja uzajamne kombinacije dinamike manjih i većih progala.
•Microchip isotachophoresis methods for pharmaceutical quality control developed.•Universal methods validated in accordance with the ICH guideline.•The greenness of the proposed methods ...evaluated.•Active ingredients and counterions determined in six commercial formulations.
Universal microchip isotachophoresis (μITP) methods were developed for the determination of cationic and anionic macrocomponents (active pharmaceutical ingredients and counterions) in cardiovascular drugs marketed in salt form, amlodipine besylate and perindopril erbumine. The developed methods are characterized by low reagent and sample consumption, waste production and energy consumption, require only minimal sample preparation and provide fast analysis. The greenness of the proposed methods was assessed using AGREE. An internal standard addition was used to improve the quantitative parameters of μITP. The proposed methods were validated according to the ICH guideline. Linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity were evaluated for each of the studied analytes and all set validation criteria were met. Good linearity was observed in the presence of matrix and in the absence of matrix, with a correlation coefficient of at least 0.9993. The developed methods allowed precise and accurate determination of the studied analytes, the RSD of the quantitative and qualitative parameters were less than 1.5% and the recoveries ranged from 98 to 102%. The developed μITP methods were successfully applied to the determination of cationic and anionic macrocomponents in six commercially available pharmaceutical formulations.
An online coupling of microchip isotachophoresis (µITP) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) using thermal evaporation interface is reported for the first time. This combination integrates ...preconcentration power of the µITP followed by unambiguous identification of trace compounds in complex samples by IMS. Short-chain carboxylic acids, chosen as model analytes, were first separated by the µITP in a discontinuous electrolyte system at pH 5–6, and subsequently evaporated at 130 °C during their transfer to the IMS analyzer. Various parameters, affecting the transfer of the separated sample components through the evaporation system, were optimized to minimize dispersion and loss of the analytes as well as to improve sensitivity. The following analytical attributes were obtained for carboxylic acids in the standard solutions: 0.1–0.3 mg L−1 detection limits, 0.4–0.9 mg L−1 quantitation limits, linear calibration range from the quantitation limit to 75 mg L−1, 0.2–0.3% RSD of the IMS response and 98–102% accuracy. The analytical potential of the developed µITP-IMS combination was demonstrated on the analysis of various food, pharmaceutical and biological samples, in which the studied acids are naturally present. These include: apple vinegar, wine, fish sauce, saliva and ear drops. In the real samples, 0.3–0.6% RSD of the IMS response and 93–109% accuracy were obtained.
Risk factors, e tiology, and outcome of 180 cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in the Slovak Republic for 5 years were prospectively studied in a national survey. According to the Duke Endocarditis ...Service Criteria (1994), 169 cases were considered definitive and 21 possible/probable. The aortic valve was infected in 46.7%, mitral in 47.2%, and tricuspidal/pulmonary in 6.1% of cases. The majority of endocarditis cases was caused by
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (33.3%); only 12.2% were due to viridans streptococci; 11.7% were due to
Enterococcus faecalis; 6.1% due to
Haemophilus spp.; 10.1% due to other organisms; and 26.7% were culture negative. Single positive cultures of CNS were not considered clinically significant. More than 25% of 180 patients were older than 60 years. Rheumatic fever was a risk factor in 35.5%, dental surgery in 20.5%, prior cardiosurgery in 7.8%, and neoplasia in 6.7%. All patients were treated with antimicrobials (average length of therapy was 29.5 days) and 33.3% of patients also had surgery (valvular prosthesis replacement). Forty (22.2%) died, and 140 (77.8%) survived at day 60 after the diagnosis of endocarditis was made. All 40 deaths were attributable to infection. Univariate analysis comparing deaths and survivors did not show significant differences in most of the recorded risk factors between both groups, except age >60 (40.0% versus 21.4%,
p < 0.05), staphylococcal etiology (55.0% versus 27.1%,
p < 0.04), and antibiotic therapy <21 days (without surgery) (65.0% versus 3.6%,
p < 0.01). These risk factors were significantly more frequently associated with deaths. Viridans streptococcal IE and surgical therapy in addition to antibiotics were associated with lower mortality in comparison to staphylococcal endocarditis (
p < 0.045) or to cases treated with antibiotics only (
p < 0.05). In comparison to other nationally based surveys in Europe (Greece, Croatia, France), the percentage of culture-negative endocarditis and spectrum of pathogens differed significantly.