Among the environmental pollution elements, one of the most important problems of the world today, air pollution and heavy metal pollution that have gradually increased after the industrial ...activities, are of significant importance. Heavy metals are not easily dissolved in nature. Moreover, they tend to bioaccumulate in living organisms, and some of them have a toxic or carcinogenic effect even at low concentrations. For this reason, it is crucial to monitor the heavy metal concentration in the air and monitor the changes. One of the efficient methods in observing the change of heavy metal concentrations in the air is the use of annual rings of trees as a biomonitor. The present study aimed to determine the annual change of Ni and Co concentrations, which are among the heavy metals related to traffic volume at most, in annual rings of
Cedrus atlantica
harvested in Kastamonu in late 2019. Within the scope of this study, the heavy metal concentrations in the inner and outer bark were compared to the heavy metal concentration in wood and the change of concentration in terms of direction was also analyzed. As a result of the present study, the highest concentrations in both heavy metals were found in the outer bark, whereas the transmission of metals within the wood was limited. It was found that Ni concentration significantly changed directionally in woods, and this change was related to the traffic volume. Thus, it was concluded that the annual rings of
Cedrus atlantica
were very suitable biomonitors to monitor Ni concentration change.
Aim of study: This study aimed to determine the current and future (present, 2040, 2060, 2080) climate changes in the study area within the scope of climate change scenarios (SSPs 245 and SSPs 585) ...of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.
Area of study: The study area is Samsun province.
Material and methods: The current climate data were obtained from the measurements performed by 24 meteorology stations. Using the measurement data of the period 2000-2020 obtained from these data, the climate maps were prepared with the “Inverse Distance Weighted” method were used for this study. The biocomfort index formulas were applied to these maps, and biocomfort maps were obtained.
Main results: Today’s average minimum and maximum temperature changes around 7-24 °C in the area. According to the two scenarios, the temperature will change between 13-19 °C from 2040 to 2080 and then stay constant in the first scenario while it will increase up to 19-25 °C in the second scenario during 2080-2100. As a result, the area will have much warmer, and there might be warm zones in Samsun in 2100.
Highlights: The biocomfort zones in Samsun province would remarkably change soon, especially the cooling costs, and will negatively contribute to global climate change due to energy consumption and gases used by air-conditioning systems.
Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada, Eşleştirilmiş Model Karşılaştırılma Projesinin iklim değişikliği senaryoları kapsamında (SSPs 245 ve SSPs 585) çalışma alanının mevcut durum ve gelecekteki (günümüz, 2040, 2060, 2080) iklim değişikliklerinin belirlemesi amaçlamıştır.
Çalışmanın alanı: Çalışmaya konu alan Samsun ilidir.
Materyal ve yöntem: Güncel iklim verileri Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı 24 meteoroloji istasyonu tarafından yapılan ölçümlerden elde edilmiştir. Bu verilerden elde edilen 2000-2020 dönemine ait ölçüm verileri kullanılarak, bu çalışma için “Ters Mesafe Ağırlıklı” yöntemi ile iklim haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Bu haritalara biyokonfor indeks formülleri uygulanarak biyokonfor haritaları elde edilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Bölgede günümüzde ortalama en düşük ve en yüksek sıcaklıklar yaklaşık olarak 7-24 °C arasında değişmektedir. İki senaryoya göre 2040 yılından 2080 yılına kadar sıcaklı 13-19 °C arasında değişecek ve daha sonra ilk senaryoya göre sabit kalırken ikinci senaryoya göre 2080-2100 arasında 19-25 °C’ye çıkacaktır. Sonuç olarak, bölge çok daha sıcak olacak ve 2100'de Samsun'da sıcak bölgeler olabilir.
Araştırma vurguları: Samsun ilindeki biyokonfor bölgeleri, özellikle soğutma maliyetleri başta olmak üzere, yakında önemli ölçüde değişecek ve iklimlendirme sistemlerinin kullandığı gazlar ve enerji tüketimi nedeniyle küresel iklim değişikliğine olumsuz katkıda bulunacaktır.
The wind turbine has grown out to be one of the most common renewable energy sources around the world in recent years. As wind energy becomes more important, the significance of wind turbine ...placement also increases. This study was intended to position the wind turbines on a wind farm to achieve the highest performance possible. The turbine placement operation was designed for a 2 km × 2 km area. The surface of the area was calculated by dividing it into a 10 × 10 grid and a 20 × 20 grid with the use of binary coding. The calculation revealed ten different new binary algorithms using ten different transfer functions of the Artificial Algae Algorithm (AAA) that has been successfully applied to solve continuous optimization problems. These algorithms were applied to the turbine placement problem, and the algorithm that obtained the best result was called the Binary Artificial Algorithm (BinAAA). The results of the proposed algorithm for the binary turbine placement optimization problem were compared with those of other well-known algorithms in the relevant literature. The algorithm that was proposed in the study is an efficient algorithm for the placement problem of wind turbines since it optimized the binary search space and achieved the most successful result.
•A new optimization algorithm was proposed based on the artificial algae algorithm (AAA).•The proposed method was used to solve binary wind turbine placement problem.•The performance of the turbine placement was analyzed by using two different grid structures of 10 × 10 and 20 × 20.•The performance of the BinAAA was compared to GA, MILP, BPSO and Lazy Greedy algorithms.
Global climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems worldwide, particularly impacting long-lived forest tree species such as Pinus nigra. This study assessed the potential shifts in ...distribution areas for Pinus nigra, an important tree species, one highly vulnerable to global climate change, given its prevalence in continental climates, in Türkiye under different climate scenarios (SSPs 585 and 245). In this study, suitable distribution regions of Pinus nigra were evaluated based on SSPs 585 and SSPs 245 using nine different models. Results indicated potential losses in Pinus nigra distribution areas ranging from 15.0% to 43.5% (SSPs 245) and 19.7% to 48.9% (SSPs 585) by 2100. However, in 2100, new suitable distribution areas are expected to be formed at rates ranging from 13.8% to 32.1% and 15.1% to 34.4% according to the above scenarios. Because most of the newly formed suitable distribution regions are quite far from the areas where the species currently spreads, it seems necessary to provide the migration mechanism needed by the species by humans to prevent population losses in this process.
Political parties can look at the country's problems from different angles and offer alternative policies to solve these problems. Tourism is one of the important sectors that contributes to the ...economic development of Türkiye, especially in terms of foreign exchange input and employment creation. The attitudes and discourses of each political party established in Türkiye towards the tourism sector are important in terms of contributing to the economic development of the country. In this study, the party programs of one hundred and nineteen political parties operating legally in Türkiye as of 01.01.2022 were examined and classified using a descriptive method through document analysis. The examined political party programs were classified into 3 levels as a result of coding and category operations. At the second level; It is classified in 4 categories as economic, social, environmental and cultural discourses. At the third level, the classification process was carried out in ten three categories. In the category of economic discourse; there are policies aimed at regional development, financial policies, health tourism, sustainability, promotion and marketing, tourist development. In the social discourse category, there are discourses on education policies,security, access to services, cooperation and unions, informal employment policies. In the environmental discourses category, there are environmental policies, and in the cultural discourses category, there are discourses on moral policies. When 34 party programs with tourism content are examined, it is seen that they contain 272 different policy proposals for tourism. The study provides a holistic perspective in seeing the attitudes of political parties towards the tourism sector. In addition, it is important for practitioners and researchers to contribute to the work of identifying the problems of the sector and creating solutions to the problems of the sector.
Wind turbines--which are significant in terms of clean energy production globally--are environmentally friendly, consistent and economical systems. Wind turbines, due to developing technology, have ...become one of the most widely used renewable energy resources, and every country has worked to satisfy its electricity demands with the help of wind energy. As the importance of wind energy increases all around the world, the importance of wind turbine placement also rises. In this study, the aim was to position wind turbines over a certain area of a wind farm to obtain maximum turbine power with minimum investment cost, thereby achieving the highest power efficiency. The experimental studies were conducted over a 2x2 km area; this area was divided into a 10x10 grid, and a 20x20 grid for more efficient placement. Because these operations occurred in a binary search space, Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO)--normally used to solve unceasing optimization problems--was used in this study by obtaining fourteen different binary Invasive Weed Optimization (BIWO1 to BIWO14) algorithms with the help of ten different transfer functions (four from the s-shaped family, four from the v-shaped family, two based on modulo 2, ceil, ceil-round, ceil-floor and round-floor). The proposed method was compared with other studies carried out in the binary search space found in published literature. As a result, it was seen that the proposed algorithm was an efficient algorithm for solving the problem of wind turbine placement to achieve an optimal placement.
Çalışmanın amacı güreş antrenörlerinde tükenmişlik ile performans arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmaya, yaşları 20-64 (38,47±8.36) arasında değişen, %85’i ...erkek, %15'nin kadın olmak üzere toplamda 160 gönüllü güreş antrenörü katılmıştır. Veriler katılımcılardan Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu 2023 yılı faaliyet programı kapsamında düzenlenen Türkiye Güreş Şampiyonalarında kolayda örnekleme yöntemine göre yüz yüze ve online olarak gönüllülük esasına göre toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Psikolojik Sermaye Ölçeği Kısa Formu (PSÖ-12), Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri (MTE), İş Performans Ölçeği Kısa Formu (İPÖ) ve Kişisel Bilgi Formundan yararlanılmıştır. Ölçekleri test etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Aracılık rolü Hayes SPSS PROCESS macro (Model 4) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgulara göre; tükenmişliğin performans ve psikolojik sermayeyi negatif yönde, psikolojik sermayenin ise performansı pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Bootstrap güven aralığı alt ve üst sınırlarına göre tükenmişlik ile performans arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracılık etkisinin anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak tükenmişlik antrenörlerin performanslarını azaltırken, psikolojik sermaye artırmaktadır. Aynı zamanda psikolojik sermaye tükenmişliğin performans üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini azaltarak performansta artışı sağlamada aracılık görevi görmektedir.
Kapasitesiz Tesis Yerleşim Problemi (UFLP), tesislerin optimal yerleşimini belirleyen NP-zor bir problemdir. UFLP, NP-Zor problem grubundan olduğu için, bu problemlerin büyük örneklerini çözmek için ...kesin yöntemlerin kullanılması, optimal çözümü elde etmek için gereken yüksek hesaplama süreleri nedeniyle ciddi şekilde sorun teşkil edebilir. Bu çalışmada, problemin karmaşıklığından dolayı sürü zekası algoritması tercih edilmiştir. Son yıllarda sürüş eğitimi ilkelerine dayalı olarak geliştirilen popülasyon tabanlı bir algoritma olan Sürüş eğitim tabanlı (DTBO) algoritması UFLP probleminin çözümünde kullanılmıştır. DTBO’nun temel versiyonu sürekli problemlerin çözümünü ele aldığından söz konusu algoritmanın ikili problemlerin çözümüne uyarlanması gerekmektedir. Bunun için literatürde kullanılan dokuz farklı transfer fonksiyonu yardımıyla DTBO algoritması ikili problemlerin çözümüne uygun olarak tasarlanmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar transfer fonksiyonlarının adil kıyaslanabilmesi için eşit koşullarda altında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmalarda dokuz transfer fonksiyonu içerisinden ikili Mode-DTBO algoritmasının en başarılı algoritma olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlara göre Mode tabanlı DTBO algoritmasının küçük, orta ve büyük ölçekli tüm problem setlerinde hem çözüm kalitesi açısından hem de zaman açısından çok başarılı olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca DTBO algoritması IWO (Yabani Ot Algoritması – Invasive Weed Optimization) algoritmasına ait 3 farklı transfer fonksiyonuyla (Mode, Sigmoid ve Tanh) da kıyaslanmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı sonuçlar incelendiğinde 12 problemin 8’inde (orta ve büyük ölçekli problem) Mode-DTBO yaklaşımının IWO’ya ait 3 farklı yaklaşımın hepsinden çok daha başarılı olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla beraber, küçük boyutlu 4 problem üzerinde ise Mode fonksiyonunu kullanan her iki algoritmanın da optimal değeri yakaladığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, Mode-DTBO yönteminin ikili problemlerin çözümünde çok etkili bir alternatif sunacağı söylenebilir.
Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem (UFLP) is an NP-hard problem that determines the optimal location of facilities. Since UFLP is from the NP-Hard problem group, using exact methods to solve large instances of these problems can be seriously problematic due to the high computation time required to obtain the optimal solution. In this study, the swarm intelligence algorithm was preferred due to the complexity of the problem. Driving training-based (DTBO) algorithm, which is a population-based algorithm developed based on driving training principles in recent years, has been used to solve the UFLP problem. Since the basic version of DTBO deals with the solution of continuous problems, the corresponding algorithm needs to be adapted to the solution of binary problems. For this, the DTBO algorithm was designed in accordance with the solution of binary problems with the help of nine different transfer functions used in the literature. Experimental studies were carried out under equal conditions for fair comparison of transfer functions. In the experimental studies carried out, it is seen that the binary Mode-DTBO algorithm is the most successful algorithm among the nine transfer functions. According to these results, it is seen that the binary Mode-based DTBO algorithm is very successful in all small, medium and large scaled problem sets, both in terms of solution quality and time. In addition, the DTBO algorithm was compared with 3 different transfer functions (Mode, Sigmoid and Tanh) of the IWO (Invasive Weed Optimization) algorithm. When the comparative results were examined, it was seen that the Mode-DTBO approach was much more successful than all 3 different approaches of IWO in 8 of the 12 problems (medium and large-scale problems). On the other hand, it has been observed that both algorithms using the Mode function on 4 small-sized problems achieved the optimal value. As a result, it can be said that the binary Mode-DTBO method will be able to offer a very effective alternative in solving binary problems.
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