In the early 1990s, Croatian film faced a challenging situation similar to the country itself. During Croatia's struggle for survival and against aggressors attacking its borders, the film industry ...also had to undergo its own rebirth. The Homeland War as an artistic theme, of course, could not be avoided. Therefore, it was exploited beyond measure by filmmakers for whom the themes of patriotism ––no matter how vain, uninspired, or manipulative––brought a certain social and/or financial satisfaction. Film and politics have always been connected in Croatian cinematography and used for direct manipulation. The frequent division of directors into suitable and unsuitable was also maintained by the newly enthroned regime, only according to other criteria. The paper provides an overview of glaring examples of the political and ideological focus of Croatian feature films from the beginning to the end of the 1990s, especially regarding their contextual, thematic, and stylistic features. It is shown that the response of Croatian film art from that period to the active aggression that suppressed fundamental human rights––the right to life, freedom, and security ––was also (passive) aggressive, in the form of discrimination, intolerance, and exclusivity, which resulted mainly in the low qualitative range of Croatian filmography in that period.
Hrvatski se film početkom 1990-ih našao u jednako nezavidnoj situaciji kao i država u kojoj je tada otežano egzistirao; uslijed ponovnog rođenja zemlje te agresorskog napada na nju i borbe za očuvanje granica, film se i sam na neki način morao ponovo roditi. Domovinski rat se kao umjetnička tema, dakako, nije mogao izbjeći, pa su ga preko svake mjere eksploatirali i filmaši, kojima je već samo tematiziranje rodoljublja – ma kako isprazno, nenadahnuto ili manipulativno bilo – donosilo određenu društvenu i/ili financijsku satisfakciju. Film i politika često su u hrvatskoj kinematografiji bili povezani i u službi izravne manipulacije, te je čestu podjelu redatelja na podobne i nepodobne zadržao i novoustoličeni režim, samo po drugim kriterijima. U radu se daje pregled eklatantnih primjera političko-ideološke orijentiranosti hrvatskoga igranog filma od početka do kraja 1990-ih, napose njegovih kontekstualnih, tematskih i stilskih obilježja. Pokazuje se kako je odgovor hrvatske filmske umjetnosti iz tog razdoblja na aktivnu agresiju koja je zatirala temeljna ljudska prava – pravo na život, slobodu i sigurnost – također bio (pasivno) agresivan, u vidu diskriminacije, netolerancije i isključivosti, što je za posljedicu imalo uglavnom niske kvalitativne domete hrvatske filmografije u tom razdoblju.
Prosaic as Poetic Živković, Marija
Pannoniana,
12/2022, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Matko Peić presented his travels through Egypt, Israel, China, India, Japan, the Philippines, most of Europe and the whole of Croatia in several travelogues – Skitnje (Strolls, 1965), Jesen u ...Poljskoj (Autumn in Poland, 1969), Crno zlato (Black Gold, 1974), Ljubav na putu. Od Drave do Jadrana (Love on the Road. From Drava to the Adriatic, 1984) and Evropske skitnje (European Strolls, 1985) – which earned him the status of one of the best Croatian stylists. Peić’s travelogue style is characterised by a refined synthesis of empiricism, emotion and expression, with which he layers the seemingly prosaic reality of life. In the poetic approach to the latter, three dominant stylistic features can be identified: a) the so-called masculine style of writing, presented by the use of augmentatives, the recording of brutal actions, the vigour and eroticism of style, sexualised metaphors, the parallelism of instinctive impulses of the animal world and intense erotic human pleasures, and a blend of aggressiveness, irony, directness of expression and undisputed tone; b) poetics of the descriptive, which is expressed through concise picturesqueness and picturesque lapidary of expression, synesthetic evocations, musical and painterly weft of texts and baroque-rococo characteristics of writing; c) perceptive focus, i.e., the ability to present in a naturalistically faithful manner a certain reality of life revealed in characteristic details and at the same time to perceive it in its totality, as well as to discover in everything observed a possible deeper, potentially symbolic meaning of objects, beings, animals and phenomena.
Matko Peić svoja je proputovanja Egiptom, Izraelom, Kinom, Indijom, Japanom, Filipinima, većim dijelom Europe i cijelom Hrvatskom izložio u nekoliko putopisnih knjiga – Skitnje (1965), Jesen u Poljskoj (1969), Crno zlato (1974), Ljubav na putu. Od Drave do Jadrana (1984) i Evropske skitnje (1985) – kojima je stekao status jednog od najvrsnijih hrvatskih stilista. Za Peićev je putopisni stil karakteristična rafinirana sinteza empirije, emocije i ekspresije, kojom uslojava naoko prozaičnu životnu zbilju. U poetičkom se pristupu potonjoj izdvajaju tri dominantna stilska obilježja: a) takozvani muški stil pisanja, kojeg prezentira uporaba augmentativa, evidentiranje brutalnih postupaka, krepkost i erotičnost stila, seksualizirane metafore, paralelizam instinktivnih nagona životinjskog svijeta i intenzivnih erotskih ljudskih užitaka te spoj agresivnosti, ironije, izravnosti izričaja i neprikosnovenog tona; b) poetika deskriptivnog, izražena kroz sažetu slikovitost i slikovitu lapidarnost izraza, sinestezijske evokacije, glazbenu i slikarsku potku tekstova te barokno-rokokoevske karakteristike pisanja; c) perceptivna izoštrenost, odnosno sposobnost da se naturalistički vjerno predoči određena životna zbilja otkrivena u karakterističnom detalju te da ju se istodobno sagleda u njezinom totalitetu, kao i da se u svemu zapaženom otkrije moguće dublje, potencijalno simboličko značenje predmeta, bića, životinja i pojava.
Transformation of the heating sector is recognized as being essential for ensuring reliable and affordable energy services provided with reduced consumption of energy sources and diminished impact on ...the environment and less import dependency. The possibility of utilizing energy sources that otherwise would be wasted needs to be considered and treated as a big advantage of district heating systems. Despite many advantages, sewage wastewater heat is still a mostly unused resource at the global level and a totally unused energy source in Serbia, while data about the potential of this energy source are lacking. This research proposes a methodology for the determination of the technical potential of waste heat from wastewater treatment facilities for use in district heating systems by heat pump application. Data from existing wastewater treatment facilities are used for providing data for replication in cities without wastewater treatment plants but with district heating systems. An estimation of the recoverable heat energy potential of wastewater is used for evaluation of some effects that could be obtained through its full utilization for heat production in the existing district heating systems. Three groups of indicators are selected for analysis focusing on district heating systems' energy performance (primary energy factor, specific heat consumption per degree day and heating area), the security of energy supply (import dependency, Shannon–Wiener diversification index, the share of renewables) and environmental impact (carbon dioxide emission coefficient). Values of the selected indicators are determined for the current state of district heating systems and for the possible future state that could be achieved after full utilization of sewage wastewater potential. The proposed methodology is applied to Serbia, as a case study. It has been shown that all analyzed indicators for the projected future would have more preferable values compared to the values that correspond to the current state of the district heating systems. The use of this renewable energy source should provide primary energy savings of 5% per year, reduction of carbon dioxide emission of 6.5% per year, reduction of import dependency of DH systems of 9.8% and improved diversification of energy sources of 21%.
Graphic Abstract
Three new dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with general formula {Pd(en)Cl}2(μ-L)2+ (L is pyridine-based bridging ligand 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bipy, 1), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpa, 2), ...1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe, 3) and en is bidentate coordinated ethylenediamine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalyses, NMR (1H and 13C), IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxic activity of these complexes against human A549 and murine LLC1 lung cancer cells, as well as two human HCT116 and SW480 and one murine CT26 colon cancer cells was investigated using MTT assay (MTT is 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The potential of complexes 1–3 to induce apoptosis was tested by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V and propidium iodide stained treated cells, while their antiproliferative activity was analyzed by detection of Ki67 expression in treated cancer cells. The DNA binding affinity of complexes 1–3 was evaluated by UV–Vis, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and by viscosity measurements in aqueous phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.40. Furthermore, interaction of these complexes with bovine serum albumin was investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. The present study showed that the nature of pyridine-based bridging ligand (L) in dinuclear {Pd(en)Cl}2(μ-L)2+ complex has an influence on the complex preference for the cytotoxic activity and CT-DNA/BSA (CT-DNA is calf thymus DNA and BSA is bovine serum albumin) binding affinity.
The results showed that the structure of pyridine-based bridging ligands (L) has an influence on the antitumor activity and DNA- and BSA-binding affinity (BSA is bovine serum albumin) of {Pd(en)Cl}2(μ-L)2+ complexes (en is ethylenediamine). Display omitted
•New dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with pyridine-based bridging ligands•Dinuclear Pd(II) complexes reduced viability of human and murine lung cancer cells.•Dinuclear Pd(II) complexes induced apoptosis toward murine lung carcinoma cells.•The pyridine bridging ligands influence binding affinity to DNA and bovine serum albumin.
Three new dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with general formula {Pd(en)Cl}
2
(
μ
-L)(NO
3
)
2
L is bridging ligand quinoxaline (
Pd1
), quinazoline (
Pd2
) and phthalazine (
Pd3
) were synthesized and ...characterized by elemental microanalyses, UV–Vis, IR and NMR (
1
H and
13
C) spectroscopy. The interaction of dinuclear
Pd1–Pd3
complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been monitored by viscosity measurements, UV–Vis and fluorescence emission spectroscopy in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.40 and 37 °C. In addition, these experimental conditions have been applied to investigate the binding affinities of
Pd1–Pd3
complexes to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. In vitro antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of the dinuclear Pd(II) complexes have been tested on colorectal and lung cancer cell lines. All tested Pd(II) complexes had lower cytotoxic effect than cisplatin against colorectal cancer cells, but also had similar or even higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin against lung cancer cells. All complexes induced apoptosis of colorectal and lung cancer cells, while the highest antiproliferative effect exerted
Pd2
complex.
Graphic abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common invasive gynecologic malignancies in developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate chromosomal instability and level of DNA damage in ...peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of newly diagnosed endometrial cancer patients in relation to health status (diagnosis), age, histological grade of cancer, residence, smoking, number of pregnancies, miscarriages, and abortions. The analyzed sample consisted of 60 individuals, 30 endometrial cancer patients with an average age of 64.37 ± 7.08, and 30 healthy control women with an average age of 60.23 ± 11.55. Chromosomal instability was evaluated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, and the level of DNA damage by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in PBMCs. The average frequencies of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) as well as nuclear buds (NBUDs) were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to controls (P < .0005). There was no difference in the nuclear division index (NDI) among the analyzed samples. The comet assay showed that the patients had a significantly increased genetic damage index (GDI) compared with controls (P < .0005). Using linear regression analysis, we found that health status (diagnosis) had the strongest influence on the MN frequency as well as GDI (P < .0005). Our results indicated that there is a high level of genetic damage in both the level of DNA and the level of chromosomes in the PBMCs of newly diagnosed patients with endometrial cancer, where the frequency and level of damage were significantly affected by health status, grade of cancer, residence, number of pregnancies, miscarriages, and abortions.
The antitumour potential of nine dinuclear platinum(II) complexes of the type {Pt(L)Cl}2(μ-X)2+(where L represents two NH3 or different bidentantly coordinated diamine ligand - ethylenediamine, en; ...(±)-1,2-propylenediamine, 1,2-pn; isobutylenediamine, ibn; trans-(±)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, dach; 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,3-pd; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylenediamine, 2,2-diMe-1,3-pd; (±)-1,3-pentanediamine,1,3-pnd, and X is a bridging pyrazine (pz) or pyridazine (pydz) ligand) were determined by in vitro and in vivo assays using the CT26 cell line and a murine model of heterotopic colon cancer tumour induced in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. This study concludes that complexes Pt1, Pt2 and Pt7 possess significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells, while all these complexes show moderate apoptotic effect. Complexes Pt1 and Pt7 arrested CT26 cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle, while, evaluated by detection of Ki67 expressing cells, complexes Pt5 and Pt6 exerted the highest antiproliferative effect. Complexes Pt1 and Pt2 exerted significant in vivo antitumour effects. These complexes reduced the growth of primary tumour and the incidence of lung and liver metastases without causing the significant hepato- and nephro- toxicity. Our data indicate considerable antitumour activity of platinum(II) complexes against CT26 cells in vitro and in vivo and imply possible further investigations on their role as potential chemotherapeutic agents.
From nine cationic dinuclear Pt(II) complexes (Pt1-Pt9) the highest in vitro cytotoxic activity against CT26 cells showed Pt1. Furthermore, Pt1 showed significant in vivo antitumor effect. It reduced the growth of primary murine colon cancer and reduced the incidence of lung and liver metastases, without significant liver- and nephro-toxicity. Display omitted
•Complexes Pt1, Pt2, Pt7 possess significant in vitro cytotoxicity against CT26 cells.•Pt1 and Pt7 arrested CT26 cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle.•Complexes Pt1 and Pt2 exerted significant in vivo antitumor effects.•Pt1 and Pt2 reduce the growth of primary tumour and lung and liver metastases.•Liver- and nephro- toxicity was not induced significantly.
When assessing the potential of renewable energy alternatives for electricity generation, it is necessary to implement a multi-perspective approach that includes economic, technical, environmental, ...and socio-political criteria. For the evaluation of criteria and alternatives, the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method is applied. The obtained weights are formed according to the values of energy indicators and expert judgments. The use of a fuzzy numerical value scale for the assessment of expert judgments and energy indicators provides a more sensitive scoring system for differences between values than the typical rank of absolute energy indicator values. This approach is implemented for assessment of the potential of renewable energy sources that could be utilized in the Serbian electricity sector. The results of the FAHP reveal that hydropower and biomass have the highest potential among available renewable energy sources.
•An MCDA for the assessment of renewables for electricity generation is proposed.•Fuzzy AHP was applied for the analysis of experts’ judgments and energy indicators.•Hydropower and biomass have the most potential for electricity generation.
New anticancer platinum(II) compounds simultaneously targeting tumor cells and tumor-derived neoangiogenesis, with new DNA interacting mode and large therapeutic window are appealing alternative to ...improve efficacy of clinical platinum chemotherapeutics. Herein, we describe three novel dinuclear {Pt(en)Cl}
2
(
μ
-L)
2+
complexes with different pyridine-like bridging ligands (L), 4,4′-bipyridine
(Pt1)
, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane
(Pt2)
and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene
(Pt3)
, which highly, positively charged aqua derivatives, {Pt(en)(H
2
O)}
2
(
μ
-L)
4+
, interact with the phosphate backbone forming DNA-Pt adducts with an unique and previously undescribed binding mode, called a minor groove covering. The results of this study suggested that the new binding mode of the aqua-Pt(II) complexes with DNA could be attributed to the higher anticancer activities of their chloride analogues. All three compounds, particularly complex {Pt(en)Cl}
2
(
μ
-4,4′-bipy)Cl
2
·2H
2
O (4,4′-bipy is 4,4′-bipyridine)
(Pt1),
overcame cisplatin resistance in vivo in the zebrafish–mouse melanoma xenograft model, showed much higher therapeutic potential than antiangiogenic drug sunitinib malate, while effectively blocking tumor neovascularization and melanoma cell metastasis. Overall therapeutic profile showed new dinuclear Pt(II) complexes could be novel, effective and safe anticancer agents. Finally, the correlation with the structural characteristics of these complexes can serve as a useful tool for developing new and more effective anticancer drugs.
Platinum-based drugs are widely recognized efficient anti-tumor agents, but faced with multiple undesirable effects. Here, four dinuclear platinum(II) complexes, {Pt(1,2-pn)Cl}
2
(
μ
-pydz)Cl
2
(
C1
...), {Pt(ibn)Cl}
2
(
μ
-pydz)Cl
2
(
C2
), {Pt(1,3-pn)Cl}
2
(
μ
-pydz)Cl
2
(
C3
) and {Pt(1,3-pnd)Cl}
2
(
μ
-pydz)Cl
2
(
C4
), were designed (pydz is pyridazine, 1,2-pn is ( ±)-1,2-propylenediamine, ibn is 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane, 1,3-pn is 1,3-propylenediamine, and 1,3-pnd is 1,3-pentanediamine). Interactions and binding ability of
C1
–
C4
complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been monitored by viscosity measurements, UV–Vis, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and molecular docking. Binding affinities of
C1
–
C4
complexes to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been monitored by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The tested complexes exhibit variable cytotoxicity toward different mouse and human tumor cell lines.
C2
shows the most potent cytotoxicity, especially against mouse (4T1) and human (MDA-MD468) breast cancer cells in the dose- and time-dependent manner.
C2
induces 4T1 and MDA-MD468 cells apoptosis, further documented by the accumulation of cells at sub-G1 phase of cell cycle and increase of executive caspase 3 and caspase 9 levels in 4T1 cells.
C2
exhibits anti-proliferative effect through the reduction of cyclin D3 and cyclin E expression and elevation of inhibitor p27 level. Also,
C2
downregulates c-Myc and phosphorylated AKT, oncogenes involved in the control of tumor cell proliferation and death. In order to measure the amount of platinum(II) complexes taken up by the cells, the cellular platinum content were quantified. However,
C2
failed to inhibit mouse breast cancer growth in vivo. Chemical modifications of tested platinum(II) complexes might be a valuable approach for the improvement of their anti-tumor activity, especially effects in vivo.
Graphical abstract
Dinuclear platinum(II) complex {Pt(ibn)Cl}
2
(
μ
-pydz)Cl
2
shows anti-tumor activity, triggers the apoptosis and reduces the proliferation of mouse breast cancer cells in vitro. However, its inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo is absent.
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