The annual mortality of patients with clinically pronounced symptoms of chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation reaches 26-29%, i.e., from 880 to 986 thousand patients with heart failure die ...in the country in one year, which is comparable to the population of a large city. Providing care for patients with heart failure places a heavy burden on the country's health care system, making a significant contribution to mortality rates, hospitalization rates, including readmissions, which in turn requires considerable costs. The article presents an overview of registry studies that are devoted to assessing the effectiveness of diagnostics, the completeness of examinations, as well as the adequacy of ongoing drug treatment.
Hard exclusive electroproduction of Formula omitted mesons is studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely ...polarized hydrogen target. The amplitudes of five azimuthal modulations of the single-spin asymmetry of the cross section with respect to the transverse proton polarization are measured. They are determined in the entire kinematic region as well as for two bins in photon virtuality and momentum transfer to the nucleon. Also, a separation of asymmetry amplitudes into longitudinal and transverse components is done. These results are compared to a phenomenological model that includes the pion pole contribution. Within this model, the data favor a positive Formula omitted transition form factor.
The influence of the nuclear medium on the production of charged hadrons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering has been studied by the HERMES experiment at DESY using a 27.5 GeV positron beam. ...The differential multiplicity of charged hadrons and identified charged pions from nitrogen relative to that from deuterium has been measured as a function of the virtual photon energy \(\nu\) and the fraction z of this energy transferred to the hadron. There are observed substantial reductions of the multiplicity ratio \(R_M^{h}\) at low \(\nu\) and at high z, both of which are well described by a gluon-bremsstrahlung model of hadronization. A significant difference of the \(\nu\)-dependence of \(R_M^{h}\) is found between positive and negative hadrons. This is interpreted in terms of a difference between the formation times of protons and pions, using a phenomenological model to describe the \(\nu\)- and z-dependence of \(R_M^{h}\).
Exclusive Formula omitted-meson electroproduction is studied by the HERMES experiment, using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron/positron beam of HERA and a transversely polarized hydrogen ...target, in the kinematic region 1.0 GeV Formula omitted 7.0 GeV Formula omitted, 3.0 GeV Formula omitted 6.3 GeV, and Formula omitted 0.4 GeV Formula omitted. Using an unbinned maximum-likelihood method, 25 parameters are extracted. These determine the real and imaginary parts of the ratios of several helicity amplitudes describing Formula omitted-meson production by a virtual photon. The denominator of those ratios is the dominant amplitude, the nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitude Formula omitted, which describes the production of a longitudinal Formula omitted-meson by a longitudinal virtual photon. The ratios of nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitudes are found to be in good agreement with those from the previous HERMES analysis. The transverse target polarization allows for the first time the extraction of ratios of a number of nucleon-helicity-flip amplitudes to Formula omitted. Results obtained in a handbag approach based on generalized parton distributions taking into account the contribution from pion exchange are found to be in good agreement with these ratios. Within the model, the data favor a positive sign for the Formula omitted transition form factor. By also exploiting the longitudinal beam polarization, a total of 71 Formula omitted spin-density matrix elements is determined from the extracted 25 parameters, in contrast to only 53 elements as directly determined in earlier analyses.
The impact of integration processes on language learning and usage is traditionally evaluated in the literature through the prism of sociolinguistics or soft power. This article proposes a new ...conceptual approach based on measuring various aspects of competition between languages. The language integration and monopolisation indices and the multilingualism coefficient serve as measurement tools. The approach is tested on the situation in the Baltic region of the EU. The article uses data from Eurostat, Eurobarometer, and the Baltic statistical offices to analyse the performance of Baltic language markets by assessing the impact of EU integration on the use of languages in the region. The findings show a growing tendency towards multilingualism in countries participating in integration associations. Integration bodies, however, do not give one language precedence over others but encourage the interpenetration of the languages of their leading economies. The main factor behind the demand for a language is the strength of commodity and labour markets in the country where it is spoken.
The article concludes that close economic and political integration stimulates heterochronous processes in supranational associations. The first one is increasing monopolisation in the language market of the association and the language markets of its sub-regions. The second process is a decrease in monopolisation in national language markets.
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