Context.
Molecular gas is a necessary fuel for star formation. The CO (1−0) transition is often used to deduce the total molecular hydrogen but is challenging to detect in low-metallicity galaxies in ...spite of the star formation taking place. In contrast, the C
II
λ
158
μ
m is relatively bright, highlighting a potentially important reservoir of H
2
that is not traced by CO (1−0) but is residing in the C
+
-emitting regions.
Aims.
Here we aim to explore a method to quantify the total H
2
mass (
M
H
2
) in galaxies and to decipher what parameters control the CO-dark reservoir.
Methods.
We present Cloudy grids of density, radiation field, and metallicity in terms of observed quantities, such as O
I
, C
I
, CO (1−0), C
II
,
L
TIR
, and the total
M
H
2
. We provide recipes based on these models to derive total
M
H
2
mass estimates from observations. We apply the models to the
Herschel
Dwarf Galaxy Survey, extracting the total
M
H
2
for each galaxy, and compare this to the H
2
determined from the observed CO (1−0) line. This allows us to quantify the reservoir of H
2
that is CO-dark and traced by the C
II
λ
158
μ
m.
Results.
We demonstrate that while the H
2
traced by CO (1−0) can be negligible, the C
II
λ
158
μ
m can trace the total H
2
. We find 70 to 100% of the total H
2
mass is not traced by CO (1−0) in the dwarf galaxies, but is well-traced by C
II
λ
158
μ
m. The CO-dark gas mass fraction correlates with the observed
L
C
II
/
L
CO(1−0)
ratio. A conversion factor for C
II
λ
158
μ
m to total H
2
and a new CO-to-total-
M
H
2
conversion factor as a function of metallicity are presented.
Conclusions.
While low-metallicity galaxies may have a feeble molecular reservoir as surmised from CO observations, the presence of an important reservoir of molecular gas that is not detected by CO can exist. We suggest a general recipe to quantify the total mass of H
2
in galaxies, taking into account the CO and C
II
observations. Accounting for this CO-dark H
2
gas, we find that the star-forming dwarf galaxies now fall on the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation. Their star-forming efficiency is rather normal because the reservoir from which they form stars is now more massive when introducing the C
II
measures of the total H
2
compared to the small amount of H
2
in the CO-emitting region.
Based on imaging and spectroscopic data, we develop a 3D model for the Huygens Region of the Orion Nebula. Ori C, the hottest star in the Trapezium, is surrounded by a wind-blown Central Bubble that ...opens SW into the Extended Orion Nebula. Outside of this feature lies a layer of ionized gas at about 0.4 pc from Ori C. Both of these features are moving rapidly away from Ori C with an expansion age for the Central Bubble of only 15,000 yr.
The ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5 (ZYTO) system is of interest in phosphors, fuel cells, photocatalysis, and thermal barrier coatings. However, there is inadequate information on the ternary phase equilibria, ...especially in the ZrO2-lean compositions. Precursor derived ZYTO compacts were heat treated at 1500°C to elucidate the relevant phase relations. Chemical compositions measured using TEM/EDS and crystallographic information via x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction were used to construct the isothermal section at 1500°C, which was found to vary significantly from previous reports. It is shown for the first time that the fluorite field extends from the YO1.5-ZrO2 binary to the YO1.5-TaO2.5 binary, revealing a large YTaO4+fluorite phase field with potential engineering implications. The mutual solubility of ZrO2 and YTaO4 was quantified, and the presence of both YTa3O9 and YTa7O19 at 1500°C was demonstrated. The emerging understanding helps identify compositions with potentially attractive properties for further investigation.
Background
More than 100 million individuals in the USA have been diagnosed with a chronic disease, yet chronic disease care has remained fragmented and of inconsistent quality. Improving chronic ...disease management has been challenging for primary care and internal medicine practitioners. Practice facilitation provides a comprehensive approach to chronic disease care. The objective is to evaluate the impact of practice facilitation on chronic disease outcomes in the primary care setting.
Methods
This systematic review examined North American studies from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science (database inception to August 2017). Investigators independently extracted and assessed the quality of the data on chronic disease process and clinical outcome measures. Studies implemented practice facilitation and reported quantifiable care processes and patient outcomes for chronic disease. Each study and their evidence were assessed for risk of bias and quality according to the Cochrane Collaboration and the Grade Collaboration tool.
Results
This systematic review included 25 studies: 12 randomized control trials and 13 prospective cohort studies. Across all studies, practices and their clinicians were aware of the implementation of practice facilitation. Improvements were observed in most studies for chronic diseases including asthma, cancer (breast, cervical, and colorectal), cardiovascular disease (cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular disease), and type 2 diabetes. Mixed results were observed for chronic kidney disease and chronic illness care.
Discussion
Overall, the results suggest that practice facilitation may improve chronic disease care measures. Across all studies, practices were aware of practice facilitation. These findings lend support for the potential expansion of practice facilitation in primary care. Future work will need to investigate potential opportunities for practice facilitation to improve chronic disease outcomes in other health care settings (e.g., specialty and multi-specialty practices) with standardized measures.
The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey Cormier, D; Madden, S C; Lebouteiller, V ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
06/2015, Letnik:
578
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The far-infrared (FIR) lines are important tracers of the cooling and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) and are rapidly becoming workhorse diagnostics for galaxies throughout the ...universe. Our goal is to explain the main differences and trends observed in the FIR line emission of dwarf galaxies compared to more metal-rich alaxies, and how this translates in ISM properties. We present Herschel/PACS spectroscopic observations of the CII 157 mum, OI 63 and 145 mum, OIII 88 mum, NII 122 and 205 mum, and NIII 57 mum fine-structure cooling lines in a sample of 48 low-metallicity star-forming galaxies of the guaranteed time key program Dwarf Galaxy Survey. We correlate PACS line ratios and line-to-LTIR ratios with LTIR, LTIR/LB, metallicity, and FIR color, and interpret the observed trends in terms of ISM conditions and phase filling factors with Cloudy radiative transfer models.
Interventions for blood pressure (BP) control have positive effects on outcomes for patients with hypertension. Research on these effects in small- and medium-sized practices is limited. Our ...retrospective analysis used data from Healthy Hearts in the Heartland (H3), a research program conducted in 2016-2018 as part of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's EvidenceNOW initiative, to examine the impact of implementing more interventions for BP control in these settings. Thirty-eight H3 practices met inclusion criteria and were assigned to an implementer group (high or low) based on the number of interventions implemented with the support of a practice facilitator during the study. Practices in the high-implementer group implemented a mean of 2.2 additional interventions relative to the low-implementer group. Groups were compared on two measures of BP control: (1) mean percentage of hypertensive patients with a most recent BP below 140/90, and (2) mean systolic and diastolic BP of hypertensive patients. In the first measure, practices in the high-implementer group had greater improvement between baseline and the end of the study. Among the 10,150 patients included in the second measure, reductions in mean SBP and DBP were greater for the high-implementer group. These outcomes show that implementing additional interventions had a positive association with measures of BP control, though clinical significance was unknown or limited. Future research is needed to understand the impact of interventions for BP control in small- and medium-sized practices, including the interactions among intervention implementation, practice facilitation, and practice and patient characteristics.
Detecting active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in galaxies dominated by powerful nuclear star formation and extinction effects poses a unique challenge. Due to the longer wavelength emission and the ...ionization potential of Ne super( 4+), infrared Ne v emission lines are thought to be excellent AGN diagnostics. However, stellar evolution models predict that Wolf-Rayet stars in young stellar clusters emit significant numbers of photons capable of creating Ne super(4+). Recent observations of Ne v emission in optically classified starburst galaxies require us to investigate whether Ne v can arise from star formation activity and not an AGN. In this work, we calculate the optical and IR spectrum of gas exposed to a young starburst and AGN SED. We find: (1) a range of parameters where Ne v emission can be explained solely by star formation and (2) a range of relative AGN to starburst luminosities that reproduces the Ne v observations, yet leaves the optical spectrum looking like a starburst. We also find that infrared emission-line diagnostics are much more sensitive to the AGNs than optical diagnostics, particularly for weak AGNs. We apply our model to the optically classified, yet Ne v emitting, starburst galaxy NGC 3621. We find, when taking the infrared and optical spectrum into account, image30%-50% of the galaxy's total luminosity is due to an AGN. Our calculations show that Ne v emission is almost always the result of AGN activity. The models presented in this work can be used to determine the AGN contribution to a galaxy's power output.
•Computational methods for the identification of clinical phenotypes from EHR data are needed to advance our understanding of disease, treatments, and drug response.•Machine learning approaches that ...rely on data patterns require fewer clinical domain experts and resources, and meet the growing demand for scalable and portable phenotyping tools.•Research networks and phenotype developers should support collaboration and data standards that will enable computational phenotyping derived from data rather than experts.
The combination of phenomic data from electronic health records (EHR) and clinical data repositories with dense biological data has enabled genomic and pharmacogenomic discovery, a first step toward precision medicine. Computational methods for the identification of clinical phenotypes from EHR data will advance our understanding of disease risk and drug response, and support the practice of precision medicine on a national scale.
Based on our experience within three national research networks, we summarize the broad approaches to clinical phenotyping and highlight the important role of these networks in the progression of high-throughput phenotyping and precision medicine. We provide supporting literature in the form of a non-systematic review.
The practice of clinical phenotyping is evolving to meet the growing demand for scalable, portable, and data driven methods and tools. The resources required for traditional phenotyping algorithms from expert defined rules are significant. In contrast, machine learning approaches that rely on data patterns will require fewer clinical domain experts and resources.
Machine learning approaches that generate phenotype definitions from patient features and clinical profiles will result in truly computational phenotypes, derived from data rather than experts. Research networks and phenotype developers should cooperate to develop methods, collaboration platforms, and data standards that will enable computational phenotyping and truly modernize biomedical research and precision medicine.
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![[Ne V] Emission in Opticall...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0004-637X/small "[Ne V] Emission in Optically Classified Starbursts")
