Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects people all over the world and raises the glucose level in the blood as a result of a lack of insulin. Diabetic Retinopathy causes retinal eye disease, which ...impairs vision and eventually results in blindness. The two classifications of Diabetic Retinopathy based on retinal indicators are Non-Proliferative and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. The Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis is a time-consuming process for professionals. But the use of handcrafted features limits this method’s performance. To identify Diabetic Retinopathy at an early stage, we propose an Egret Swarm optimized hybrid Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit approach which identifies the interdependencies between different Diabetic Retinopathy stages. Initially, the input samples are preprocessed using data augmentation and partitioned into training and testing data. The parameter of the Hybrid Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit model is optimized through the Egret Swarm Optimization algorithm to minimize the loss of the classifier. Here, Egret Swarm optimized hybrid Hybrid Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit architecture is utilized to classify various Diabetic Retinopathy stages. This paper uses three large baseline datasets: Idrid, APTOS 2019 blindness detection, and Zenodo dataset. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed technique achieved improved precision, recall, and F-measure scores which are nearly equal to 99.1%, 98.9%, and 99%.
This article investigates the behavior of conjugate natural convection over a finite vertical surface immersed in a micropolar fluid in the presence of intense thermal radiation. The governing ...boundary layer equations are made dimensionless and then transformed into suitable form by introducing the non-similarity transformations. The reduced system of parabolic partial differential equations is integrated numerically along the vertical plate by using an implicit finite difference Keller-box method. The features of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for various values of micropolar or material parameter, K, conjugate parameter, B, and thermal radiation parameter, Rd, are analyzed and presented graphically. Results are presented for the local skin friction coefficient, heat transfer rate and couple stress coefficient for high Prandtl number. It is found that skin friction coefficient and couple stress coefficient reduces whereas heat transfer rate enhances when the micro-inertia parameter increases. All the physical quantities get augmented with thermal radiation.
The nitrate content of foods and water is highly variable, which has implications for the compilation of food-composition databases and assessment of dietary nitrate intake.
A systematic review was ...conducted to ascertain the dietary assessment methods used and to provide estimates of daily nitrate intake in humans.
Relevant articles were identified by a systematic search of 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) from inception until February 2018. Observational studies conducted in adult populations and reporting information on dietary assessment methods and daily nitrate intake were included. Ecological analyses were conducted to explore the association of nitrate intake with indexes of economic development Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and KOF Index of Globalization.
A total of 55 articles were included. Forty-two studies investigated associations between nitrate intake and disease risk; 36 (87%) of these studies examined the association between nitrate intake and cancer risk, whereas only 6 studies explored the association of nitrate intake with the risk of diabetes, glaucoma, kidney failure, hypertension, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. The majority of studies used food-frequency questionnaires to assess nitrate intake (n = 43). The median daily nitrate intakes in healthy and patient populations were 108 and 110 mg/d, respectively. We found a significant inverse correlation of nitrate intake with GDP (r = −0.46, P < 0.001) and KOF index (r = −0.31, P = 0.002).
The median estimated daily nitrate intakes by healthy and patient populations were similar, and these values were below the safe upper intake of daily intake (3.7 mg nitrate ion/kg body weight). However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the application of food-composition tables, which may have implications for the accuracy of estimated daily nitrate intake. The association between nitrate intake and risk of cardiometabolic diseases needs further investigation. The protocol for this systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO database (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero; CRD number: 42017060354).
Depletion of fossil fuel and pollution by heavy metals are two major global issues. The cell wall of algae consists of polymers of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, alginate, starch, ...and many others that are readily hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and hence are amenable to fermentation into bioethanol. Moreover, algae contain lipids that may undergo trans-esterification to biodiesel, and can be absorbed by heavy metals. In this study, extraction of lipids from Turbinaria turbinata (common brown alga) from the beach of Sharma, NEOM, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia by different solvents hexane, methanol, and hexane: methanol (1:1), and trans-esterification was performed to obtain biodiesel and investigated by GC.MS. The alga residue after fats extractions by different solvents was used in bioremediation synthetic wastewater containing 50 ppm of As−3, Co+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, and Zn+2. The residue of defatted alga was hydrolyzed by 2% H2SO4 and then fermented to obtain bioethanol. The combination of hexane: methanol (1:1) gave the greatest amount of petroleum hydrocarbons, which contain Tetradecane, 5-methyl, Octacosane, Pentatriacontane, and a small amount of Cyclotrisiloxane, Hexamethyl. The most effective removal % was obtained with alga residue defatted by hexane: methanol (1:1), and methanol, 100% removal of As−3, 83% Co+2, 95% Cu+2, 97.25% Fe+2, Mn+2 79.69%, Zn+2 90.15% with 2 g alga /L at 3 hours. The lowest value of sugar was obtained with hexane: methanol residue but gave the highest bioethanol efficiency. Thus, it is possible to use Turbinaria turbinata, or brown alga as a feedstock to produce bio-diesel, and bioethanol, and to remove heavy metals from wastewater, which may have a great economic and environmental significance.
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•Alga T. turbinata, predominant in NEOM Region, Tabuk KSA.•Defatted T.turbinata can be used for bioethanol productions, and removal of heavy metals.•Fats produced from alga can be used to produce biodiesel.•Macroalgae appeared as promising sources for biofuels productions, and bioremediation.
In an attempt to reduce such decay induced by pathogenic causes, several studies investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs) that play a vital role in saving food products, especially ...fruits. Current research delves into biogenic silver nanoparticles (using marine alga
(Tt/Ag-NPs) and their characterization using FT-IR, TEM, EDS, and zeta potential. Some pathogenic fungi, which cause fruit spoilage, were isolated. We studied the impact of using Tt/Ag-NPs to protect against isolated fungi in vitro, and the influence of Tt/Ag-NPs as a coating of tomato fruit to protect against blue mold caused by
(OR770486) over 17 days of storage time. Five treatments were examined: T1, healthy fruits were used as the positive control; T2, healthy fruits sprayed with Tt/Ag-NPs; T3, fruits infected with
followed by coating with Tt/Ag-NPs (pre-coating); T4, fruits coated with Tt/Ag-NPs followed by infection by
(post-coating); and T5, the negative control, fruits infected by
. The results displayed that Tt/Ag-NPs are crystalline, spherical in shape, with size ranges between 14.5 and 39.85 nm, and negative charges. Different concentrations of Tt/Ag-NPs possessed antifungal activities against
,
,
,
, and
. After two days of tomatoes being infected with
, 55% of the fruits were spoilage. The tomato fruit coated with Tt/Ag-NPs delayed weight loss, increased titratable acidity (TA%), antioxidant%, and polyphenol contents, and decreased pH and total soluble solids (TSSs). There were no significant results between pre-coating and post-coating except in phenol contents increased in pre-coating. A particular focus is placed on the novel and promising approach of utilizing nanoparticles to combat foodborne pathogens and preserve commodities, with a spotlight on the application of nanoparticles in safeguarding tomatoes from decay.
The present investigation explores the significance of creeping viscous nanofluids in an axi-symmetric channel influenced by metachronal waves containing magnetohydrodynamics and Hall current. Heat ...transport analysis is also performed to derive the impact of thermal radiation on internal heat source phenomena. The use of mathematical formulation resulted in a set of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. The governed differential system is transformed into an ordinary differential system by considering similar variables. Exact solutions in the closed form have been derived for the temperature, momentum and pressure gradient. Moreover, entropy generation due to heat transfer, thermal radiation and magnetic effects has been measured. The graphical results have been presented to interpret sundry parameters of interest. Streamlines and isotherms are also plotted against the multi-walled carbon nanotube. For the validation of our results, a comparison table is presented. It is also seen that entropy of the system increases and the Bejan number decreases with an increase in the Brinkman number.
This communication numerically studies the micro-rotation effects of tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid past a porous sheet. The fluid motion is developed by virtue of linear stretching sheet. This ...study further incorporates multiple flow and thermal phenomena such as porous media, inclined magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid, Joule heating along with velocity and thermal slip factors. Mathematical formulation prompts a set of non-linear coupled partial differential equations. To achieve a similar solution, similarity variables are introduced. Numerical solution of leading differential equations is attained via Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 45 (RKF-45) along with shooting technique. Graphical outcomes are obtained to present the physical significance of the relevant parameters. In order to validate the numerical results, comparison is made with the data already published. It is assumed that the fluid velocity reduces with increasing Weissenberg number and permeability parameter. In addition, the angular velocity of the fluid accelerates significantly with an increase in surface condition parameter. It has been established that higher volume percentage of silver and copper nanoparticles has potential to improve the thermal conductivity of the flowing fluid. Hybrid nanofluid plays a significant role in various engineering applications, including nuclear cooling, desalination, machining, refrigeration, heat exchangers, solar collectors, and engine cooling. Furthermore, mixing hybrid nanofluid in the micro-rotating tangent hyperbolic fluid enhances the thermal abilities of the system, that is applied in many mechanical systems that rely on heat transfer. Skin friction coefficient effectively decreases with increasing Weissenberg number while increases for huge velocity slip parameter.
► The nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in active screen cage plasma has been investigated. ► A new modified model for nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in ASPN is proposed. ► The effect of processing ...duration on microhardness is investigated.
The validity of “sputtering and re-condensation” model in active screen plasma nitriding for nitrogen mass transfer mechanism is investigated. The dominant species including NH, Fe-I, N2+, N-I and N2 along with Hα and Hβ lines are observed in the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) analysis. Active screen cage and dc plasma nitriding of AISI 316 stainless steel as function of treatment time is also investigated. The structure and phases composition of the nitrided layer is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hardness profile is obtained by Vicker's microhardness tester. Increasing trend in microhardness is observed in both cases but the increase in active screen plasma nitriding is about 3 times greater than that achieved by dc plasma nitriding. On the basis of metallurgical and OES observations the use of “sputtering and re-condensation” model in active screen plasma nitriding is tested.
Diabetes is a chronic serious health condition that occurs when the pancreas is no longer produces insulin, or the human body cannot beneficially use the insulin it produces. Recognizing and ...predicting it at an early stage is the first step towards preventingits progression.With the advent of information technology and its emergence in the medical and healthcare sector, diabetes cases and symptoms are well documented. Knowledge can be discovered for predictive purposes through machine learning and data mining techniques. This work concentrates on evaluating the dataset through classification analysis by utilizing Decision tree, Adaptive boosting, and K-nearest neighbor’s algorithms.Thus, a faster model of predicting diabetes is introduced, where the aim is to develop the best model that derives the conclusion on early detection of undiagnosed diabetes
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