The Prologue to Alfred's domboc is a substantial 2,230 words. The first three quarters translate the bulk of Exodus 20-23 into Old English prose. The final passage narrates a short Christian history ...connecting the Mosaic laws of Exodus to the Old English laws in the Code itself. Perhaps as the result of a general perception that the Prologue consists of little more than biblical translation, the text is often overlooked in the discourse on the Alfredian canon. Where the domboc has been the focus of critical attention, interest has frequently been upon the existence of possible intermediary sources that might explain what inspired the connection of Moses to Alfred's secular laws, and why these particular verses from Exodus were selected for inclusion in the domboc Prologue. Thus, although the ultimate source of the Exodus passage of the Prologue is the bible, collections and abridgments of Mosaic laws found in non-biblical works might have provided an intermediary between biblical original and Old English text: the Liber ex lege Moysi has been put forward as the most likely candidate. The text is an assemblage of Pentateuch laws originating in Brittany; circumstantial evidence links it with Ireland in the ninth century.
Antonette diPaolo Healey reminds that "people determine the meaning of a word primarily through analysis of its context." It follows that the use of a word in different contexts may imply for that ...single term a range of possible denotations. In the partially complete Dictionary of Old English, sense subdivisions within word entries reveal the frequency and breadth of this polysemy: a word will often carry a long list of possible denotations, arising from differences in the grammatical or semantic environment in which the word is deployed across the surviving corpus. Thus a term may carry a certain meaning only with the dative, or only in military sense--in the latter case, it falls to the audience to recognize the martial context and so infer the relevant sense of the word. Each different semantic context.
Abstract
An otiose stroke in scribal practice is a mark whose linguistic signification is obscure—yet such strokes abound as calligraphic additions to certain letters in English manuscripts of the ...fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. This article seeks an explanation for the deployment of certain apparently otiose strokes, whose careful and persistent execution suggests a deliberate purpose in deployment. The vernacular production of the Carthusian scribe William Darker (working c.1481–1512) is chosen as an exemplum, and four common strokes in his work whose function is deemed ambiguous are examined in detail. Statistical and contextual analysis of the deployment of these strokes reveals semantic behaviours and patterns of use that suggest the marks had significant meaning for the scribe: though they do not necessarily function as abbreviations, they appear to bear linguistic meaning, and act with some consistency as signals of vowel length, pronunciation, and morphology. While these ‘otiose’ strokes remain resistant to full explication, the patterns here uncovered suggest a scribal intention to encode linguistic information via the conscious placement of calligraphic marks.
This study examines the introductions to the earliest surviving English law codes: those of Æthelberht (d. 616), Hlothere and Eadric (d. 685 & ?686) and Wihtred (d. 725) of Kent, and Ine (d. 726) and ...Alfred (d. 899) of Wessex. It argues that these texts address in thoughtful and imaginative ways significant questions of legal and royal authority, legislative legitimation, and the place of newly-written law within its legal tradition. Despite two centuries of apparent legislative silence between the short prefaces of the early kings and the lengthy preface to the domboc of King Alfred, the rhetorical projects of these texts are linked by a number shared concerns - and particularly by their historiographical approach to the development of legal authority. Though the early legal prefaces have rarely been at the centre of jurisprudential or literary critical interest, their development of legal authority via the potency of literary composition represents an important aspect of a broader literary and legal culture in early England.
Abstract The incidence of obesity is rising exponentially. This is having a direct impact on liver transplantation due to an increase in NAFLD disease and numbers of overweight and obese patients ...requiring transplantation. There is now evidence suggesting that obesity has a negative impact on both graft and patient survival. There remains an imbalance between number of donors available and patients requiring transplantation. We therefore need to ensure we make the best use of the organs available, optimizing graft and patient survival in those fortunate enough to receive an organ. For these reasons we need to consider methods to manage obesity in the transplant setting. Medial management is often impractical; we therefore need to consider the place of bariatric surgery in this situation. Bariatric procedures in the general population have excellent outcomes and are a feasible option in the transplant population.
The poet-translator of the Old English Metrical Psalms is widely censured for (among other things) his allegedly mechanical use of filler-words to complete the metre in his lines. This article argues ...for a more positive purpose for many of these additions, especially those drawn from the semantic field of emotion. Additions to the poet's Latin source can function to reinforce for his Anglo-Saxon audience the theological sense of the psalms he translates, to add a degree of exegesis, and even (at times) to create a moment of poetic intensity. Such possibilities do not entirely acquit the poet of the charge of pedestrian verse production, but they do suggest that he has not always been given enough credit for his achievements. Within the context of his general approach to translation-which is sometimes thoughtful and always orthodox-this poet's deployment of so-called filler words may frequently be defended as apt and occasionally as successful in its ambition.
Chronic renal allograft failure is a common and multifactorial but incompletely understood process with no effective treatment strategy.
We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate changes in density ...and turnover (proliferation) of the microvasculature and lymphatic vessels in endstage human transplant nephrectomies and control tissue derived from macroscopically normal areas of native nephrectomy specimens removed for renal carcinoma. We also examined the expression of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic growth factors in the associated inflammatory infiltrate.
Endstage allografts showed reduced microvascular density in cortex and medulla compared with controls (P<0.0001), despite the presence of endothelial cell proliferation. However, the grafts also showed new lymphatic vessels in the tubulointerstitium, not evident in controls, and which appeared to be functional with luminal macrophages. Double labeling studies showed a subpopulation of the graft-infiltrating macrophages to be immunopositive for inducible nitric oxide synthase or vascular endothelial growth factor-C (a lymphatic-specific growth factor). B cells also strongly expressed the inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor A.
The present results identify contrasting changes in the microanatomy of vascular and lymphatic beds in endstage renal allografts associated with subpopulations of infiltrating macrophages and B cells that potentially regulate some of these changes. These cells and processes could become a new therapeutic target in chronic allograft failure.
This article examines Jonathan Swift's use of second-person pronouns and his direct addresses to a deader', surveying his works and closely examining passages from A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's ...Travels. Data relating to pronoun distribution across Swift's corpus are analysed in the broader context of the historical development and eighteenth-century deployment of the pronouns. The analysis demonstrates the close interaction of these pronouns with Swift's other modes of address to his imagined readers, and his exploitation of their surprisingly complex range of connotations. A more accurate understanding of their potential and nuance is shown to be central to a fuller perception of Swift's satiric method, especially in those passages involving dramatic and ironic play with the notions of author, reader, and their constructed textual relationship.
All Old English (OE) manuscript witnesses agree on the text of the law 17: (Se de forstolen flcesc finded 7 gedyrned gif he dear he mot mid a5e gecydan j^aet he hit age se be hit ofspyred he ah deet ...meldfeoh' (lit. He who finds and hides stolen meat, if he dare, he may declare with an oath that he owns it; he who tracked it, he has the informer-reward).2 But there is something amiss here: it is implausible that the one who 'finds and hides' stolen meat should be able to swear to legal ownership of it.
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