A state-wise assessment of methane (CH
4) budget for Indian paddies, based on a decadal measurement data across India is presented for the calendar year (CY) 1994, the base year for India’s Initial ...National Communication (NATCOM) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), along with national trend from CY 1979 to 2006. The NATCOM CH
4 emission factors (EFs) for Indian paddy cultivation areas, generally having less than 0.7% of soil organic carbon (SOC), have been estimated as 17.48
±
4
g
m
−2 for irrigated continuously flooded (IR-CF), 6.95
±
1.86
g
m
−2 for rain-fed drought prone (RF-DP), 19
±
6
g
m
−2 for rain-fed flood prone (RF-FP) and deep-water (DW), 6.62
±
1.89
g
m
−2 for irrigated intermittently flooded single aeration (IR-IF-SA) and 2.01
±
1.49
g
m
−2 for IR-IF multiple aeration (MA) paddy water regimes. The state-wise study for 1994 has indicated national CH
4 budget estimate of 4.09
±
1.19 Tg
y
−1 and the trend from 1979 to 2006 was in the range of 3.62
±
1 to 4.09
±
1.19 Tg
y
−1. Four higher emitting or “hot spot” states (West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) have accounted for 53.9% of total CH
4 emission with RF-FP paddy water regime as the major contributor. CH
4 emissions were enhanced by factors such as SOC (∼1.5 times due to increase in SOC by ∼1.8 times), paddy cultivars (∼1.5 times), age of seedlings (∼1.4 times), and seasons (∼1.8 times in Kharif or monsoon than in Rabi or winter season).
Multiplicity dependence of Acharya, S; Adamová, D; Adhya, S. P ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
02/2020, Letnik:
80, Številka:
2
Journal Article
The production rates and the transverse momentum distribution of strange hadrons at mid-rapidity ( Formula omitted) are measured in proton-proton collisions at Formula omitted = 13 TeV as a function ...of the charged particle multiplicity, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The production rates of Formula omitted, Formula omitted, Formula omitted, and Formula omitted increase with the multiplicity faster than what is reported for inclusive charged particles. The increase is found to be more pronounced for hadrons with a larger strangeness content. Possible auto-correlations between the charged particles and the strange hadrons are evaluated by measuring the event-activity with charged particle multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. When comparing to lower energy results, the yields of strange hadrons are found to depend only on the mid-rapidity charged particle multiplicity. Several features of the data are reproduced qualitatively by general purpose QCD Monte Carlo models that take into account the effect of densely-packed QCD strings in high multiplicity collisions. However, none of the tested models reproduce the data quantitatively. This work corroborates and extends the ALICE findings on strangeness production in proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV.
The production of the Formula omitted(1520) baryonic resonance has been measured at midrapidity in inelastic pp collisions at Formula omitted and in p-Pb collisions at Formula omitted for non-single ...diffractive events and in multiplicity classes. The resonance is reconstructed through its hadronic decay channel Formula omitted(1520) Formula omitted and the charge conjugate with the ALICE detector. The integrated yields and mean transverse momenta are calculated from the measured transverse momentum distributions in pp and p-Pb collisions. The mean transverse momenta follow mass ordering as previously observed for other hyperons in the same collision systems. A Blast-Wave function constrained by other light hadrons ( Formula omitted, K, Formula omitted, p, Formula omitted) describes the shape of the Formula omitted(1520) transverse momentum distribution up to Formula omitted in p-Pb collisions. In the framework of this model, this observation suggests that the Formula omitted(1520) resonance participates in the same collective radial flow as other light hadrons. The ratio of the yield of Formula omitted to the yield of the ground state particle Formula omitted remains constant as a function of charged-particle multiplicity, suggesting that there is no net effect of the hadronic phase in p-Pb collisions on the Formula omitted(1520) yield.
Measurement of [Formula omitted] Acharya, S; Adamová, D; Adhya, S. P ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
02/2020, Letnik:
80, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Display omitted
► GWP were highest in rice straw+green manure treatment. ► The labile carbon pools were highest in rice straw+green manure treatment. ► Combined application of rice straw+urea was the ...most adoptable. ► Urea as single application had low capacity of carbon storage.
Effects of four years of inorganic and organic nitrogen (N) management on the emission of three major greenhouse gases (GHGs): methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and on soil labile carbon fractions such as water-soluble carbon (C, WSC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), KMnO4 oxidizable organic carbon (KMnO4-C), carbon management index (CMI) and soil carbon storage were investigated in a flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) field in India. The treatments included an unfertilized control, inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, rice straw+inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and rice straw+green manure. Maximum global warming potential (GWP) (10,188kgCO2equivalent ha−1) was determined for the combined application of rice straw and green manure. Total carbon content and carbon storage in the topsoil were significantly increased for the rice straw+inorganic nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The combined application of rice straw and green manure was more effective in increasing WSC, MBC, KMnO4-C concentrations and CMI than the inorganic fertilizer treatments, although it increased gaseous carbon emission. The combined application of rice straw and an inorganic fertilizer was most effective in sequestrating soil organic carbon (1.39Mgha−1), resulting in a higher grain yield. Therefore, it could be the best option for improving productivity and carbon storage in the rice–rice cropping system.
The Communications/Navigation Outages Forecast System satellite mission was designed to investigate the ionospheric conditions that lead to the formation of irregularities. Here, we have studied the ...effect of magnetic storms on the formation and evolution of plasma bubbles during the satellite's lifetime (2008–2015). During this period encompassing solar minimum and maximum conditions, many magnetic storms of varying intensity developed, producing a unique and rich data set of 248 storms (14 intense, 69 moderate, and 165 weak) that occurred during the same timeframe to examine the role of external magnetospheric drivers in the production and dynamics of equatorial plasma bubbles. We have used the Planar Langmuir Probe and Ion Velocity Meter instruments to elucidate the role of magnetic storm intensity on the bubble's depth, internal speed, width, occurrence, and lifetime. The pre‐reversal enhancement (PRE) tends to increase during the main phase and when BZ is southward. New bubbles occur during large excursions of the PRE value. The bubble lifetime extends and remains active during the main and part of the recovery phase. The plasma velocity within the bubbles increases and typically becomes over 100 m/s during significant PRE and BZ negative times. The depth of bubbles reaches values close to 100% during intense storms. In general, the intensity of the storms seems to control and augment the plasma bubbles' depth, width, and internal velocity.
Plain Language Summary
Plasma irregularities, known as plasma bubbles, have been studied for several decades. Ongoing studies of plasma bubbles include the investigation of background conditions and events such as geomagnetic storms (disturbances in the upper atmosphere caused by southward IMF) that lead to the production and growth of plasma bubbles. Our work focuses on the formation of plasma bubbles that developed during several geomagnetic storms of varying intensities that occurred within 7 years, encompassing solar minimum and maximum. Changes in the production time, count, structure, and lifetime of bubbles were observed during the most important period of storms accompanying the increased evening‐time upward speed of the background plasma. These changes are consistent with studies based on the impact of geomagnetic storms on the upper atmosphere. The results provide an insight into the timeframe for bubble production, structural growth, and decay during the duration of the storms.
Key Points
We analyzed bubble characteristics during magnetic storms that occurred between May 2008 and April 2014
New bubbles that develop during the initial, main, or early recovery phase of storms don’t decay until dawn
Bubble depths and vertical bubble velocities enhance during storms' initial, main, or early recovery phase
Results of national methane campaign launched in 1991 to assess methane budget from Indian paddy fields are reported. The campaign involved a number of scientific institutions and universities with ...National Physical Laboratory at Delhi operating as a nodal agency and covered most of the major rice growing regions of India. Methane emission rates ranged between −0.64 and 84.1 mg
−2h
−1. The methane budget from Indian paddies has been estimated to be around 4.0 TgY
−1 with a range between 2.7 to 5.4 TgY
−1.
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