The semiconductor photocatalysis system has been the subject of numerous investigations, as it is an attractive technique for complete mitigation of undesirable pollutant in waste water using UV or ...solar irradiation. However, the application of nano-sized metal oxide semiconductors in photocatalysis process normally suffers from the coagulation and agglomeration problem, especially in an aqueous medium. Hence, the addition of support material into a photocatalysis system has the potential to yield major steps for tackling major environmental concerns. This review highlights the potential application of Chitosan (CS) as support materials in photocatalyst system. Due to the high surface area and strong adsorption characteristics, CS reduces the amount of intermediates produced during photocatalysis process. In the meantime, the addition of CS would further increase the mass transfer and processes for efficient photodegradation. Indeed, CS allows for fast and easy photocatalyst recovery and re-use with or without regeneration. The objective of this report is to inspire more prospects to use CS as multifunctional support material in photocatalysis system, focusing on mitigation, degradation and mineralization of different ranged pollutants in wastewater.
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•Hydrophilic functional groups of Chitosan increase the adsorption and trapping site for organic pollutants.•Functionalization of chitosan polymer with a reactive nanometallic oxide provide highly stable and efficient photocatalyst.•Re-engineered of band gap energy of photocatalyst by innovative crosslinked chitosan.
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in modeling of machining process has been investigated by many researchers. Fuzzy logic (FL) as a well-known AI technique is effectively ...used in modeling of machining processes such as to predict the surface roughness and to control the cutting force in various machining processes. This paper is started with the introduction to definition of FL and machining process, and their relation. This paper then presents five types of analysis conducted on FL techniques used in machining process. FL was considered for prediction, selection, monitoring, control and optimization of machining process. Literature showed that milling contributed the highest number of machining operation that was modeled using FL. In terms of machining performance, surface roughness was mostly studied with FL model. In terms of fuzzy components, center of gravity method was mostly used to perform defuzzification, and triangular was mostly considered to perform membership function. The reviews extend the analysis on the abilities, limitations and effectual modifications of FL in modeling based on the comments from previous works that conduct experiment using FL in the modeling and review by few authors. The analysis leads the author to conclude that FL is the most popular AI techniques used in modeling of machining process.
Photocatalysis, as an alternative for treating persistent water pollutants, holds immense promise. However, limitations hinder sustained treatment and recycling under varying light conditions. This ...comprehensive review delves into the novel paradigm of metal and non-metal doping to overcome these challenges. It begins by discussing the fundamental principles of photocatalysis and its inherent limitations. Understanding these constraints is crucial for developing effective strategies. Band gap narrowing by metal and non-metal doping modifies the band gap, enabling visible-light absorption. Impurity energy levels and oxygen vacancies influenced the doping energy levels and surface defects. Interfacial electron transfer and charge carrier recombination are the most important factors that impact overall efficiency. The comparative analysis of nanomaterials are reviewed on various, including nanometal oxides, nanocarbon materials, and advanced two-dimensional structures. The synthesis process are narratively presented, emphasizing production yields, selectivity, and efficiency. The review has potential applications in the environment for efficient pollutant removal and water purification, economic cost-effective and scalable production and technological advancement catalyst design, in spite of its challenges in material stability, synthesis methods and optimizing band gaps. The novelty of the review paper is on the proposal of a new paradigm of heterojunctions of doped metal and non-metal photocatalysts to promise highly efficient water treatment. This review bridges the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, offering insights into tailored nano photocatalysts.
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•Characterization of metal and non-metal-doped heteroatom photocatalysts.•Compare doped heteroatom nanomaterials in photocatalysis.•Future challenges in heteroatom-doped nanomaterials.
Indoor air environment contains a complex mixture of biological contaminants such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, insects, and their by-products such as endotoxins, mycotoxins, volatile organic ...compounds, etc. Biological contaminants have been categorized according to whether they are allergenic, infectious, capable of inducing toxic or inflammatory responses in human beings. At present, there is a lack of awareness about biological contamination in the indoor environment and their potential sources for the spreading of various infections. Therefore, this review article examines the association of biological contaminants with human health, and it will also provide in-depth knowledge of various biological contaminants present in different places such as residential areas, hospitals, offices, schools, etc. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative data of bio-contaminants in various indoor environments such as schools, hospitals, residential houses, etc. have also been derived from the recent literature survey.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used benchmark standard photocatalysts in the field of environmental applications. However, the large band gap of ZnO and the massive recombination of ...photogenerated charge carriers, especially in its nanosize, limit the overall photocatalytic efficiency. This can be further overcome by modifying the electronic band structure of ZnO by hybridization with a narrow band gap material, including metal, metal oxide, carbon based, and polymeric based. Indeed, ZnO hybridization with the respective materials contributed to its sensitizer by shifting the absorption wavelength to the visible region of the spectrum. This review encompasses several advancements made in the mentioned aspects, and also some of the new physical insights related to the charge transfer events, such as charge carrier generation, trapping, detrapping, and their transfer to surface, are discussed for each strategy of the hybrid ZnO. The synergistic effects in the mixed polymorphs of ZnO and also the theories proposed for their enhanced activity are reported. The review also highlights the potential application of ZnO hybrid for different kinds of pollutants from different wastewater sources.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) associated infections are the hallmark of cervical and neck cancer. Almost all the cases of cervical cancer (CC) and 70% of oropharyngeal cancer (OC) are, more or less, ...caused by the persistent infection of HPV. CC is the fourth most common cancer globally, and is commenced by the persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), predominantly HPV types; 16 and 18. In the light of the above facts, there is an immediate requirement to develop novel preventive and innovative therapeutic strategies that may help in lower occurrences of HPV mediated cancers. Currently, only radiation and chemical-based therapies are the treatment for HPV mediated neck cancer (NC) and CC. Recent advances in the field of immunotherapy are underway, which are expected to unravel the optimal treatment strategies for the growing HPV mediated cancers. In this review, we decipher the mechanism of pathogenesis with current immunotherapeutic advances in regressing the NC and CC, with an emphasis on immune-therapeutic strategies being tested in clinical trials and predominantly focus on defining the efficacy and limitations. Taken together, these immunological advances have enhanced the effectiveness of immunotherapy and promises better treatment results in coming future.
The large band gap energy of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle catalysts hinders them from functioning effectively under solar radiation, encouraging detrimental charge carrier recombination and ...inadequate adsorption characteristics. Hence, to solve these issues, Chitosan (CS) and Zirconia (ZrO2) were integrated into TiO2 nanoparticles through a sol-gel fabrication method to generate the thin film CS-ZrO2/TiO2 catalyst. CS-ZrO2/TiO2 was found to be in a homogenous spherical form, with particle sizes ranging from 40 to 90 nm, according to micrograph images. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the Ti–O–Ti, Ti–O-to-NH2, and Ti–O-to-OH groups formed coordinate covalent bonds in the hybrid catalysts. The prominent diffraction peaks identified in XRD spectra confirmed ZrO2. The band gap energies of CS-ZrO2/TiO2 hybrids with diverse Ti/Zr weight ratios were successfully reduced to a value lower than pure TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of CS-ZrO2/TiO2 hybrid with 10% of ZrO2 was proved to be the most efficient photocatalyst with the highest rate constant 9.673 × 10−3 min−1 than pure TiO2 at 2.994 × 10−3 min−1. Photodegradation efficiency of model dyes compounds, malachite green (MG) increased from 11.87% to 30.72% with ZrO2 and CS addition in TiO2 catalyst under solar irradiation. The optimum photodegradation condition lowered the initial MG concentration (5 mg/L) in the acidic medium. From the kinetic study, the improvement of photodegradation efficiency was brought by incorporating ZrO2 into pure TiO2 photocatalyst due to the synergistic energy of both components.
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•Homogenous particle distribution of the thin film CS-ZrO2/TiO2 catalyst.•Band gap reduction due to the synergistic energy of hybrid components.•Photodegradation of synthetic dyes increased with addition of ZrO2 under solar light.
Herbs and spices have been used since antiquity for their nutritional and health properties, as well as in traditional remedies for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Therefore, this ...study aims to perform a chemical analysis of both essential oils (EOs) from the seeds of Carum carvi (C. carvi) and Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) and evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and antidiabetic activities alone and in combination. Results showed that the EOs mainly constitute monoterpenes with γ-terpinene (31.03%), β-pinene (18.77%), p-cymene (17.16%), and carvone (12.20%) being the major components present in C. carvi EO and linalool (76.41%), γ-terpinene (5.35%), and α-pinene (4.44%) in C. sativum EO. In comparison to standards, statistical analysis revealed that C. carvi EO showed high and significantly different (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity than C. sativum EO, but lower than the mixture. Moreover, the mixture exhibited two-times greater ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (IC50 = 11.33 ± 1.53 mg/mL) and equipotent chelating power (IC50 = 31.33 ± 0.47 mg/mL) than the corresponding references, and also potent activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 19.00 ± 1.00 mg/mL), β-carotene (IC50 = 11.16 ± 0.84 mg/mL), and superoxide anion (IC50 = 10.33 ± 0.58 mg/mL) assays. Antimicrobial data revealed that single and mixture EOs were active against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms, and the mixture had the ability to kill more bacterial strains than each EO alone. Additionally, the anti-acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect have been studied for the first time, highlighting the high inhibition effect of AChE by C. carvi (IC50 = 0.82 ± 0.05 mg/mL), and especially by C. sativum (IC50 = 0.68 ± 0.03 mg/mL), as well as the mixture (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.02 mg/mL) compared to the reference drug, which are insignificantly different (p > 0.05). A high and equipotent antidiabetic activity was observed for the mixture (IC50 = 0.75 ± 0.15 mg/mL) when compared to the standard drug, acarbose, which is about nine times higher than each EO alone. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic analysis provides some useful insights into designing new drugs with favorable drug likeness and safety profiles based on a C. carvi and C. sativum EO mixture. In summary, the results of this study revealed that the combination of these EOs may be recommended for further food, therapeutic, and pharmaceutical applications, and can be utilized as medicine to inhibit several diseases.
Caffeic acid (CA) is found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, oils, and more. CA and its derivatives have been used for many centuries due to their natural healing and medicinal ...properties. CA possesses various biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The potential therapeutic effects of CA are mediated
repression and inhibition of transcription and growth factors. CA possesses potential anticancer and neuroprotective effects in human cell cultures and animal models. However, the biomolecular interactions and pathways of CA have been described highlighting the target binding proteins and signaling molecules. The current review focuses on CA's chemical, physical, and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. We further described CA's characteristics and therapeutic potential and its future directions.
Cordyceps is a rare naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus usually found at high altitudes on the Himalayan plateau and a well-known medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. Cordyceps ...contains various bioactive components, out of which, cordycepin is considered most vital, due to its utmost therapeutic as well as nutraceutical potential. Moreover, the structure similarity of cordycepin with adenosine makes it an important bioactive component, with difference of only hydroxyl group, lacking in the 3′ position of its ribose moiety. Cordycepin is known for various nutraceutical and therapeutic potential, such as anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anticancer, antiviral, hepato-protective, hypo-sexuality, cardiovascular diseases, antimalarial, anti-osteoporotic, anti-arthritic, cosmeceutical etc. which makes it a most valuable medicinal mushroom for helping in maintaining good health. In this review, effort has been made to bring altogether the possible wide range of cordycepin’s nutraceutical potential along with its pharmacological actions and possible mechanism. Additionally, it also summarizes the details of cordycepin based nutraceuticals predominantly available in the market with expected global value. Moreover, this review will attract the attention of food scientists, nutritionists, pharmaceutical and food industries to improve the use of bioactive molecule cordycepin for nutraceutical purposes with commercialization to aid and promote healthy lifestyle, wellness and wellbeing.
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