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•Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a newer breast cancer treatment that uses light energy, oxygen and photosynthetizer to kill cancer cells.•Light, oxygen and photosynthetizer are ...required for highly toxic singlet oxygen generation.•PDT appears to be a promising alternative in the localized treatment of breast cancer.•Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is used to ascertain differences between cancerous and healthy tissue.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, and currently gaining in acceptance as an alternative cancer treatment. Light delivery is still a difficult problem in deep cancer treatment with PDT. Only near-infrared light in the 700−1100 nm range can penetrate deeply into the tissue because most tissue chromophores, including oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, melanin and fat, poorly absorb in the near infrared window. The light sources used in PDT are lasers, arc lamps, light-emitting diodes and fluorescent lamps. PDT has been used for many different clinical applications. PDT may be excellent alternative in the treatment and diagnosis of breast cancer compared to the conventional surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The basic elements of PDT are an appropriate photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and light. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy depends on the induction of photocytotoxic reactions, which are the result of light activation of PS), pre-administered to the body. The condition for initiating PDT processes is light absorption by PS and subsequent localized generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. This study is a review of empirical research aimed at improving the therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer using PDT based on the physicochemical differences in healthy and diseased tissues and the tissues undergoing treatment.
The application of dendrimeric constructs in medical diagnostics and therapeutics is increasing. Dendrimers have attracted attention due to their compact, spherical three-dimensional structures with ...surfaces that can be modified by the attachment of various drugs, hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups, or reporter molecules. In the literature, many modified dendrimer systems with various applications have been reported, including drug and gene delivery systems, biosensors, bioimaging contrast agents, tissue engineering, and therapeutic agents. Dendrimers are used for the delivery of macromolecules, miRNAs, siRNAs, and many other various biomedical applications, and they are ideal carriers for bioactive molecules. In addition, the conjugation of dendrimers with antibodies, proteins, and peptides allows for the design of vaccines with highly specific and predictable properties, and the role of dendrimers as carrier systems for vaccine antigens is increasing. In this work, we will focus on a review of the use of dendrimers in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Dendrimer-based nanosystems for drug delivery are commonly based on polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) that can be modified with drugs and contrast agents. Moreover, dendrimers can be successfully used as conjugates that deliver several substances simultaneously. The potential to develop dendrimers with multifunctional abilities has served as an impetus for the design of new molecular platforms for medical diagnostics and therapeutics.
This book provides a current review of the field of biopharmaceutical pharmacology. Biopharmaceuticals are drugs obtained in biotechnological processes using living organisms such as bacteria and ...fungi. An analysis was performed from biochemical and physiological point of view. This book covers an essential guide to current knowledge and analysis of biopharmaceuticals (Chapter 1-5). The composition of the biopharmaceuticals is provided. In this book we also discuss the historical point of view of the use of archeological botany, medicinal plants, strategies and main advances in communication between the nature and the advances of biopharmacy (Chapter 6-8). This book reports results from experimental and clinical work (Chapter 9). The book includes data regarding the therapy in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.
Photooxidation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the interaction of dyes or surfaces with light radiation of appropriate wavelength. The reaction is of wide utility and is highly ...effective in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various types of cancer and skin disease. Understanding generation of singlet oxygen has contributed to the development of PDT and its subsequent use in vivo. However, this therapy has some limitations that prevent its use in the treatment of cancers located deep within the body. The limited depth of light penetration through biological tissue limits initiation of PDT action in deep tissue. Measurement of oxygen photo consumption is critical due to tumor hypoxia, and use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly attractive since it is non-invasive. This article presents bioluminescence (BL) and chemiluminescence (CL) phenomena based on publications from the last 20 years, and preliminary results from our lab in the use of MRI to measure oxygen concentration in water. Current work is aimed at improving the effectiveness of singlet oxygen delivery to deep tissue cancer.
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•Drug delivery is a critical step in the application of new immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.•Three-dimensional breast cancer cell cultures are suitable for in vitro drug ...monitoring in MRI scanner.•Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system efficacy can be evaluated in 3D breast cell culture at 1.5 T.
Trastuzumab is considered to be a fundamental drug for treatment of breast cancer with Her-2 overexpression (Her-2 positive cells). Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the Her-2 receptor. Trastuzumab treatment used in breast cancer therapy require a visualization to validate their delivery and response. The objective of this study was to investigate Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system by synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorinated dendrimers.
Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system is a covalent attachment of Trastuzumab to fluorinated dendrimers. We design synthesis and evaluate main product by using electrophoresis, HPLC and LC–MS techniques. We prepared three-dimensional breast cancer cell culture in bioreactor device. For the cell culture we used MCF-7 cells with Her-2 overexpression to study Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system efficacy. We evaluate efficacy by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) relaxation time.
An analytical analysis showed that synthesis of Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system is possible to obtain with a good yield. The results obtained indicated potential of Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system is more efficient than trastuzumab alone. Chromatographic and electrophoretic separations showed that the synthetized conjugates were a Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery systems. The hight synthesis efficiency was found. The presence of molecules with lower masses than trastuzumab can have influence on efficiency.
Trastuzumab-dendrimer-fluorine drug delivery system is a new form of Trastuzumab to treat breast cancer cells in vitro. Due to presence of 19F nuclei the system can be monitored by MRI measurements.
The introduction of new materials for the production of various types of constructs that can connect directly to tissues has enabled the development of such fields of science as medicine, tissue, and ...regenerative engineering. The implementation of these types of materials, called biomaterials, has contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of human life in terms of health. This is due to the constantly growing availability of new implants, prostheses, tools, and surgical equipment, which, thanks to their specific features such as biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, ease of sterilization, and high porosity, ensure an improvement of living. Biodegradation ensures, among other things, the ideal rate of development for regenerated tissue. Current tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies aim to restore the function of damaged tissues. The current gold standard is autografts (using the patient’s tissue to accelerate healing), but limitations such as limited procurement of certain tissues, long operative time, and donor site morbidity have warranted the search for alternative options. The use of biomaterials for this purpose is an attractive option and the number of biomaterials being developed and tested is growing rapidly.
Cancer is one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Despite the rapid development of modern forms of therapy, results are still unsatisfactory. The prognosis is further worsened by the ...ability of cancer cells to metastasize. Thus, more effective forms of therapy, such as photodynamic therapy, are constantly being developed. The photodynamic therapeutic regimen involves administering a photosensitizer that selectively accumulates in tumor cells or is present in tumor vasculature prior to irradiation with light at a wavelength corresponding to the photosensitizer absorbance, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for the direct and indirect destruction of cancer cells. Photodynamically induced local inflammation has been shown to have the ability to activate an adaptive immune system response resulting in the destruction of tumor lesions and the creation of an immune memory. This paper focuses on presenting the latest scientific reports on the specific immune response activated by photodynamic therapy. We present newly discovered mechanisms for the induction of the adaptive response by analyzing its various stages, and the possible difficulties in generating it. We also present the results of research over the past 10 years that have focused on improving the immunological efficacy of photodynamic therapy for improved cancer therapy.
Despite significant advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy for the treatment of many diseases, including ...cancer. This therapy uses a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light irradiation of appropriate length and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic effect kills cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy of tumor cells. PDT is a promising approach for eliminating various cancers but is not yet as widely applied in therapy as conventional chemotherapy. Currently, natural compounds with photosensitizing properties are being discovered and identified. A reduced toxicity to healthy tissues and a lower incidence of side effects inspires scientists to seek natural PS for PDT. In this review, several groups of compounds with photoactive properties are presented. The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. This review focused on the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, tolyporphins, curcumins, alkaloid and anthraquinones in relation to the light-absorbing properties. Attention will be paid to their phototoxic and anti-cancer effects on various types of cancer.
Brain tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme, are currently a cause of suffering and death of tens of thousands of people worldwide. Despite advances in clinical treatment, the average patient ...survival time from the moment of diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme and application of standard treatment methods such as surgical resection, radio- and chemotherapy, is less than 4 years. The continuing development of new therapeutic methods for targeting and treating brain tumors may extend life and provide greater comfort to patients. One such developing therapeutic method is photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy is a progressive method of therapy used in dermatology, dentistry, ophthalmology, and has found use as an antimicrobial agent. It has also found wide application in photodiagnosis. Photodynamic therapy requires the presence of three necessary components: a clinically approved photosensitizer, oxygen and light. This paper is a review of selected literature from Pubmed and Scopus scientific databases in the field of photodynamic therapy in brain tumors with an emphasis on glioblastoma treatment.
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