Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immunologic pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus . Clinically, a patient presents with chronic asthma, recurrent ...pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchiectasis. The population
prevalence of ABPA is not clearly known, but the prevalence in asthma clinics is reported to be around 13%. The disorder needs
to be detected before bronchiectasis has developed because the occurrence of bronchiectasis is associated with poorer outcomes.
Because many patients with ABPA may be minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic, a high index of suspicion for ABPA should be
maintained while managing any patient with bronchial asthma whatever the severity or the level of control. This underscores
the need for routine screening of all patients with asthma with an Aspergillus skin test. Finally, there is a need to update
and revise the criteria for the diagnosis of ABPA. This review summarizes the advances in the diagnosis and management of
ABPA using a systematic search methodology.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a concerning resurgence of mucormycosis. More than 47,000 cases of mucormycosis were reported in three months from India. We update our ...systematic review on COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) till June 21st, 2021, comparing cases reported from India and elsewhere. We included individual patient details of 275 cases of CAM, of which 233 were reported from India and 42 from the rest of the world. Diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying risk factor for CAM in India than in other countries. The fatality rate of cases reported from India (36.5%) was less than the globally reported cases (61.9%), probably due to the predominance of rhino-orbital mucormycosis. On a multivariate analysis, we found that pulmonary or disseminated mucormycosis cases and admission to the intensive care unit were associated with increased mortality, while combination medical therapy improved survival. The paucity of pulmonary and disseminated mucormycosis cases from India suggests that these cases were either not diagnosed or reported, further supported by a trend of search data from the Google search engine. In this review, we discuss the factors explaining the substantial rise in cases of CAM. We also propose a hypothetical model describing the epidemiologic triad of CAM.
Abstract
Active learning—the field of machine learning (ML) dedicated to optimal experiment design—has played a part in science as far back as the 18th century when Laplace used it to guide his ...discovery of celestial mechanics. In this work, we focus a closed-loop, active learning-driven autonomous system on another major challenge, the discovery of advanced materials against the exceedingly complex synthesis-processes-structure-property landscape. We demonstrate an autonomous materials discovery methodology for functional inorganic compounds which allow scientists to fail smarter, learn faster, and spend less resources in their studies, while simultaneously improving trust in scientific results and machine learning tools. This robot science enables science-over-the-network, reducing the economic impact of scientists being physically separated from their labs. The real-time closed-loop, autonomous system for materials exploration and optimization (CAMEO) is implemented at the synchrotron beamline to accelerate the interconnected tasks of phase mapping and property optimization, with each cycle taking seconds to minutes. We also demonstrate an embodiment of human-machine interaction, where human-in-the-loop is called to play a contributing role within each cycle. This work has resulted in the discovery of a novel epitaxial nanocomposite phase-change memory material.
Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently managed with systemic glucocorticoids. Opportunistic fungal infections are of concern in such patients. While COVID-19 associated pulmonary ...aspergillosis is increasingly recognized, mucormycosis is rare. We describe a case of probable pulmonary mucormycosis in a 55-year-old man with diabetes, end-stage kidney disease, and COVID-19. The index case was diagnosed with pulmonary mucormycosis 21 days following admission for severe COVID-19. He received 5 g of liposomal amphotericin B and was discharged after 54 days from the hospital. We also performed a systematic review of the literature and identified seven additional cases of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM). Of the eight cases included in our review, diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor. Three subjects had no risk factor other than glucocorticoids for COVID-19. Mucormycosis usually developed 10–14 days after hospitalization. All except the index case died. In two subjects, CAM was diagnosed postmortem. Mucormycosis is an uncommon but serious infection that complicates the course of severe COVID-19. Subjects with diabetes mellitus and multiple risk factors may be at a higher risk for developing mucormycosis. Concurrent glucocorticoid therapy probably heightens the risk of mucormycosis. A high index of suspicion and aggressive management is required to improve outcomes.
Applications that use the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light show promise for increasing the bandwidth of optical communication networks. However, direct photocurrent detection of different OAM ...modes has not yet been demonstrated. Most studies of current responses to electromagnetic fields have focused on optical intensity-related effects, but phase information has been lost. In this study, we designed a photodetector based on tungsten ditelluride (WTe
) with carefully fabricated electrode geometries to facilitate direct characterization of the topological charge of OAM of light. This orbital photogalvanic effect, driven by the helical phase gradient, is distinguished by a current winding around the optical beam axis with a magnitude proportional to its quantized OAM mode number. Our study provides a route to develop on-chip detection of optical OAM modes, which can enable the development of next-generation photonic circuits.
Generation of helical topological exciton-polaritons Liu, Wenjing; Ji, Zhurun; Wang, Yuhui ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2020, Letnik:
370, Številka:
6516
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Topological photonics in strongly coupled light-matter systems offer the possibility for fabricating tunable optical devices that are robust against disorder and defects. Topological polaritons, ...i.e., hybrid exciton-photon quasiparticles, have been proposed to demonstrate scatter-free chiral propagation, but their experimental realization to date has been at deep cryogenic temperatures and under strong magnetic fields. We demonstrate helical topological polaritons up to 200 kelvin without external magnetic field in monolayer WS
excitons coupled to a nontrivial photonic crystal protected by pseudo time-reversal symmetry. The helical nature of the topological polaritons, where polaritons with opposite helicities are transported to opposite directions, is verified. Topological helical polaritons provide a platform for developing robust and tunable polaritonic spintronic devices for classical and quantum information-processing applications.
Phase-change materials (PCMs) can switch between amorphous and crystalline states permanently yet reversibly. However, the change in their mechanical properties has largely gone unexploited. The most ...practical configuration using suspended thin-films suffer from filamentation and melt-quenching. Here, we overcome these limitations using nanowires as active nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). We achieve active modulation of the Young's modulus in GeTe nanowires by exploiting a unique dislocation-based route for amorphization. These nanowire NEMS enable power-free tuning of the resonance frequency over a range of 30%. Furthermore, their high quality factors (Formula: see text > 10
) are retained after phase transformation. We utilize their intrinsic piezoresistivity with unprecedented gauge factors (up to 1100) to facilitate monolithic integration. Our NEMS demonstrate real-time frequency tuning in a frequency-hopping spread spectrum radio prototype. This work not only opens up an entirely new area of phase-change NEMS but also provides a novel framework for utilizing functional nanowires in active mechanical systems.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an insidious pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity reactions mounted against
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Usually, complicating the course of ...patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis, the affliction has recently been described in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary tuberculosis-related fibrocavitary disease. Patients commonly present with poorly controlled asthma, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates and bronchiectasis. More than six decades have elapsed since the first description of this entity; however, the condition remains poorly understood. The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology has formed a working group to address the deficiencies associated with understanding of this disorder. New criteria have been laid down for diagnosis and staging of the disorder, so as to simplify the identification and management of this condition. This review summarizes the recent advances that have taken place in this condition with special emphasis on the burden and distinct character of ABPA in the Indian subcontinent.
Tunable topological charge vortex microlaser Zhang, Zhifeng; Qiao, Xingdu; Midya, Bikashkali ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
05/2020, Letnik:
368, Številka:
6492
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) intrinsically carried by vortex light beams holds a promise for multidimensional high-capacity data multiplexing, meeting the ever-increasing demands for ...information. Development of a dynamically tunable OAM light source is a critical step in the realization of OAM modulation and multiplexing. By harnessing the properties of total momentum conservation, spin-orbit interaction, and optical non-Hermitian symmetry breaking, we demonstrate an OAM-tunable vortex microlaser, providing chiral light states of variable topological charges at a single telecommunication wavelength. The scheme of the non-Hermitian-controlled chiral light emission at room temperature can be further scaled up for simultaneous multivortex emissions in a flexible manner. Our work provides a route for the development of the next generation of multidimensional OAM-spin-wavelength division multiplexing technology.
Pleural fluid adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a useful diagnostic test for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE), but its exact threshold and accuracy in clinical decision-making is unclear. We aimed to ...assess diagnostic performance of ADA in TPE and to clarify its optimal diagnostic threshold.
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for articles indexed up to October 2018. We included English language studies that provided both sensitivity and specificity of ADA in TPE diagnosis. Summary estimates for sensitivity and specificity were obtained through bivariate random effects model, both overall and at prespecified threshold ranges of <36, 40±4, 45-65 and >65 IU/L.
We retrieved 2162 citations, and included 174 publications with 27009 patients. All studies showed high risk of bias. Summary sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio estimates were 0.92 (95% CI 0.90-0.93), 0.90 (95% CI 0.88-0.91) and 97.42 (95% CI 74.90-126.72) respectively. 65 studies with ADA threshold of 40±4 IU/L showed summary sensitivity and specificity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.90-0.95) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.87-0.91) respectively. Four studies with ADA threshold >65 IU/L showed summary sensitivity and specificity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.61-0.96) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.80-0.99) respectively.
ADA levels in pleural fluid show good diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of TPE; however, all included studies showed high risk of bias. It was not possible to derive any firm inference on relative clinical utility of different diagnostic thresholds.
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