Rapid growth in nanotechnology toward the development of nanomedicine agents holds massive promise to improve therapeutic approaches against cancer. Nanomedicine products represent an opportunity to ...achieve sophisticated targeting strategies and multifunctionality. Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) have multiple applications in different branches of science. In recent years, NPs have repetitively been reported to play a significant role in modern medicine. They have been analyzed for different clinical applications, such as drug carriers, gene delivery to tumors, and contrast agents in imaging. A wide range of nanomaterials based on organic, inorganic, lipid, or glycan compounds, as well as on synthetic polymers has been utilized for the development and improvement of new cancer therapeutics. In this study, we discuss the role of NPs in treating cancer among different drug delivery methods for cancer therapy.
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have repetitively been reported to play a significant role in modern medicine. They have been analyzed for different clinical applications, such as drug carriers, gene delivery to tumors, and contrast agents in imaging.In this review, we discuss the role of NPs in treating cancer among different drug delivery methods for cancer therapy.
Among the main promising systems to triggering therapeutic antitumor immunity is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint pathways regulate the control and eradication of infections, ...malignancies, and resistance against a host of autoantigens. Initiation point of the immune response is T cells, which have a critical role in this pathway. As several immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand–receptor interactions, they can be freely blocked by antibodies or modulated by recombinant forms of ligands or receptors. Antibodies against cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) were the first immunotherapeutics that achieved the US Food and Drug Administration approval. Preliminary clinical results with the blockers of additional immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) indicate extensive and different chances to boost antitumor immunity with the objective of conferring permanent clinical effects. This study provides an overview of the immune checkpoint pathways, including CTLA‐4, PD‐1, lymphocyte activation gene 3, T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3, B7‐H3, and diacylglycerol kinase α and implications of their inhibition in the cancer therapy.
Recent advances in the understating of tumor immunology suggest that cancer immunotherapy is an effective treatment against various types of cancer. In particular, the remarkable successes of immune checkpoint‐blocking antibodies in clinical settings have encouraged researchers to focus on developing other various immunologic strategies to combat cancer. Checkpoints are a kind of control mechanisms whose functions are important in survival, initiation, intensification, and termination of the immune system activities in the body. Their stimulation or inhibition occasionally leads to immune cell survival and/or in contrary, they identify the survival of their target. To avoid the excessive activity of the immune system there are reciprocal receptors of these ligands on various cells.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease associated with reduced bone strong point that results in raised fracture risk, with decreased bone strength, leading to reduced bone mineral density and ...poor bone quality. It is the most common in older females but some men are also at high risk. Although considered as a predictable result of aging, it is can be avoidable and treatable. The existing treatment of osteoporosis mainly contains antiresorptive and anabolic agents. In spite of these improvements, concerns around unusual side‐effects of antiresorptive drugs, and the lack of perfect confirmation in maintenance of their long‐standing effectiveness is bring about many patients not receiving these drugs. Over the years, the stem cell‐based therapy has attained substantial clinical consideration because of its potential to treat numerous diseases. The stem cell therapy has been recommended as a probable therapeutic approach for patients with osteoporosis. Even though the concept of stem cell‐based therapy for osteoporosis has caught substantial attention, no clinical trial has been published on humans. The cell studies based on osteoporosis are primarily focused on osteoclastic activity and bone resorption procedures. Earlier, it was on osteoblastogenesis and in recent times, on the differentiation probable of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we have summarized the therapeutic role of stem cell‐based strategy in osteoporosis.
Stem cell therapy has been recommended as a probable therapeutic approach for patients with osteoporosis. Even though the concept of stem cell‐based therapy for osteoporosis has suggested substantial attention over the years, no clinical trial has been published in humans. The cell studies on the basis of osteoporosis are primarily attentive on osteoclastic activity and bone resorption procedures; at that point on osteoblastogenesis, and in recent times on the differentiation probable of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we have summarized the therapeutic role of stem cell‐based strategy in osteoporosis.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common bone tumors in children and adolescents that cause a high rate of mortality in this age group and tends to be metastatic, in spite of chemotherapy and ...surgery. The main reason for this can be returned to a small group of malignant cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). OS‐CSCs play a key role in the resistance to treatment and relapse and metastasis through self‐renewal and differentiation abilities. In this review, we intend to go through the different aspects of this malignant disease, including the cancer stem cell‐phenotype, methods for isolating CSCs, signaling pathways, and molecular markers in this disease, and drugs showing resistance in treatment efforts of OS.
Osteosarcoma‐cancer stem cells play a key role in the resistance to treatment and relapse and metastasis through self‐renewal and differentiation abilities. In this review, we intend to go through the cancer stem cell‐phenotype, methods for isolating cancer stem cells, signaling pathways and molecular markers in this disease, and drugs showing resistance in treatment efforts of osteosarcoma.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the bone with a strong tendency to early metastasis, and occurs in growing bones more commonly in children and adolescents. Considering ...the limited therapeutic methods and lack of 100% success of these methods, developing innovative therapies with high efficacy and lower side effects is needed. Meanwhile, miRNAs and the studies indicating the involvement of miRNAs in OS development have attracted attentions as a result of the frequent abnormalities in expression of miRNAs in cancer. miRNAs are noncoding short sequences with lengths ranging from 18 to 25 nucleotides that play a very important role in cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. MiRNAs can have either oncogenic or tumor suppressive role based on cellular function and targets. This review aimed to have overview on miR‐142 as a tumor suppressor in OS. Moreover, the genes involved in the disease, such as RAC1,
HMAG1,
MMP9,
MMP2, and
E‐cadherin, which have irregularities as a result of change in miR‐142 expression, and, thereby, result in increasing the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the cells in the tissues and OS cells will be discussed.
The current review aimed to have overview on miR‐142 as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma (OS). Additionally, the genes involved in the disease, such as RAC1, HMAG1, MMP9, MMP2, and E‐cadherin, which have irregularities as a result of change in miR‐142 expression, and, thereby, result in increasing the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the tumor cells in OS will be discussed.
Exosomes offer a new perspective on the biology of cancer with both diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Due to the cell‐to‐cell association, exosomes are involved in the progression, metastasis, and ...therapeutic efficacy of the tumor. They can be isolated from blood and other body fluids to determine the disease progression in the body, including cancer growth. In addition to being reservoirs of biochemical markers of cancer, exomes can be designed to restore tumor immunity. Tumor exosomes interact with different cells in the tumor microenvironment to confer beneficial modulations, responsible for stromal activity, angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability, and immune evasion. Exosomes also contribute to the metastasis with the aim of epithelial transmission to the mesenchyme and the formation of premetastatic niches. Moreover, exosomes protect cells against the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and prevent the transmission of chemotherapy resistance to adjacent cells. Therefore, exosomes are essential for many fatal cancer agents, and understanding their origins and role in cancer is important. In this article, we attempted to clarify the potential of exosomes for the application in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Exosomes offer a new perspective on the biology of cancer with both diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. They can be isolated from blood and other body fluids to determine the disease progression in the body, including cancer growth. In addition to being reservoirs of biochemical markers of cancer, exomes can be designed to restore tumor immunity. Tumor exosomes interact with different cells in the tumor microenvironment to confer beneficial modulations, responsible for stromal activity, angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability, and immune evasion.
Invasive candidiasis (IC) can affect individuals with various underlying diseases hospitalized in different parts of hospitals. In recent decades, IC has caused 27–55% mortality in general ...population. Although Candida albicans (C. albicans) is still the most common cause of IC, non-albicans infections such as C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis have been increased in recent years. Treatment of invasive fungal infections is challenging as the number of existing antifungals is limited and more problems include: toxicity, drug interactions, and drug resistance. These problems provide a clear rationale for the development of new immunotherapies to increase outcomes in patients with invasive fungal infections. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to complete review of the current and modern antifungal drugs in IC therapy and focus on the role of immunotherapy in preventing and controlling the disease. Therefore, we review the features of current research efforts directed towards devising safe and effective immunotherapeutic options for fungal infections, including work on antifungal vaccines, engineered T-cells, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents.
Bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. These viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. Phages are well-matched for vaccine design due ...to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. Phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammalian body during a long-standing evolutionary period. The birth of phage display technology has been a turning point in the development of phage-based vaccines. Phage display vaccines are made by expressing multiple copies of an antigen on the surface of immunogenic phage particles, thereby eliciting a powerful and effective immune response. Also, the ability to produce combinatorial peptide libraries with a highly diverse pool of randomized ligands has transformed phage display into a straightforward, versatile and high throughput screening methodology for the identification of potential vaccine candidates against different diseases in particular microbial infections. These libraries can be conveniently screened through an affinity selection-based strategy called biopanning against a wide variety of targets for the selection of mimotopes with high antigenicity and immunogenicity. Also, they can be panned against the antiserum of convalescent individuals to recognize novel peptidomimetics of pathogen-related epitopes. Phage display has represented enormous promise for finding new strategies of vaccine discovery and production and current breakthroughs promise a brilliant future for the development of different phage-based vaccine platforms.
Osteoarthritis is a prevalent worldwide joint disease, which demonstrates a remarkable adverse effect on the patients' life modality. Medicinal agents, exclusively nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ...drugs (NSAIDs), have been routinely applied in the clinic. But, their effects are restricted to pain control with insignificant effects on cartilage renovation, which would finally lead to cartilage destruction. In the field of regenerative medicine, many researchers have tried to use stem cells to repair tissues and other human organs. However, in recent years, with the discovery of extracellular microvesicles, especially exosomes, researchers have been able to offer more exciting alternatives on the subject. Exosomes and microvesicles are derived from different types of bone cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. They are also recognized to play substantial roles in bone remodeling processes including osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis. Specifically, exosomes derived from a mesenchymal stem cell have shown a great potential for the desired purpose. Exosomal products include miRNA, DNA, proteins, and other factors. At present, if it is possible to extract exosomes from various stem cells effectively and load certain products or drugs into them, they can be used in diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bone fractures, and other diseases. Of course, to achieve proper clinical use, advances have to be made to establish a promising regenerative ability for microvesicles for treatment purposes in the orthopedic disorders. In this review, we describe the exosomes biogenesis and bone cell derived exosomes in the regenerate process of bone and cartilage remodeling.
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The successful outcomes of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in treating hematologic cancers have increased the previously unprecedented excitement to use this innovative approach in ...treating various forms of human cancers. Although researchers have put a lot of work into maximizing the effectiveness of these cells in the context of solid tumors, few studies have discussed challenges and potential strategies to overcome them. Restricted trafficking and infiltration into the tumor site, hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen escape and heterogeneity, CAR T-cell exhaustion, and severe life-threatening toxicities are a few of the major obstacles facing CAR T-cells. CAR designs will need to go beyond the traditional architectures in order to get over these limitations and broaden their applicability to a larger range of malignancies. To enhance the safety, effectiveness, and applicability of this treatment modality, researchers are addressing the present challenges with a wide variety of engineering strategies as well as integrating several therapeutic tactics. In this study, we reviewed the antigens that CAR T-cells have been clinically trained to recognize, as well as counterstrategies to overcome the limitations of CAR T-cell therapy, such as recent advances in CAR T-cell engineering and the use of several therapies in combination to optimize their clinical efficacy in solid tumors.
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