The massive growth of data that are transmitted through a variety of devices and communication protocols have raised serious security concerns, which have increased the importance of developing ...advanced intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Deep learning is an advanced branch of machine learning, composed of multiple layers of neurons that represent the learning process. Deep learning can cope with large-scale data and has shown success in different fields. Therefore, researchers have paid more attention to investigating deep learning for intrusion detection. This survey comprehensively reviews and compares the key previous deep learning-focused cybersecurity surveys. Through an extensive review, this survey provides a novel fine-grained taxonomy that categorizes the current state-of-the-art deep learning-based IDSs with respect to different facets, including input data, detection, deployment, and evaluation strategies. Each facet is further classified according to different criteria. This survey also compares and discusses the related experimental solutions proposed as deep learning-based IDSs.
By analysing the experimental studies, this survey discusses the role of deep learning in intrusion detection, the impact of intrusion detection datasets, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approaches. The findings demonstrate that further effort is required to improve the current state-of-the art. Finally, open research challenges are identified, and future research directions for deep learning-based IDSs are recommended.
In the present work, a class of distributions, called new extended family of heavy-tailed distributions is introduced. The special sub-models of the introduced family provide unimodal, bimodal, ...symmetric, and asymmetric density shapes. A special sub-model of the new family, called the new extended heavy-tailed Weibull (NEHTW) distribution, is studied in more detail. The NEHTW parameters have been estimated via eight classical estimation procedures. The performance of these methods have been explored using detailed simulation results which have been ordered, using partial and overall ranks, to determine the best estimation method. Two important risk measures are derived for the NEHTW distribution. To prove the usefulness of the two actuarial measures in financial sciences, a simulation study is conducted. Finally, the flexibility and importance of the NEHTW model are illustrated empirically using two real-life insurance data sets. Based on our study, we observe that the NEHTW distribution may be a good candidate for modeling financial and actuarial sciences data.
In spite of the fact that petroleum-based plastics are convenient in terms of fulfilling the performance requirements of many applications, they contribute significantly to a number of ecological and ...environmental problems. Recently, the public awareness of the negative effects of petroleum-based plastics on the environment has increased. The present utilization of natural resources cannot be sustained forever. Furthermore, oil is often subjected to price fluctuations and will eventually be depleted. The increase in the level of carbon dioxide due to the combustion of fossil fuel is causing global warming. Concerns about preservation of natural resources and climate change are considered worldwide motivations for academic and industrial researchers to reduce the consumption and dependence on fossil fuel. Therefore, bio-based polymers are moving towards becoming the favorable option to be utilized in polymer manufacturing, food packaging, and medical applications. This paper represents an overview of the feasibility of both Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as alternative materials that can replace petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of industrial applications. Physical, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of both polymers as well as their permeability and migration properties have been reviewed. Moreover, PLA's recyclability, sustainability, and environmental assessment have been also discussed. Finally, applications in which both polymers can replace petroleum-based plastics have been explored and provided.
The dwindling nature, high price of petroleum, concerns about climate change, as well as the ever-growing population are all urging the plastics industries to adapt sustainable natural biopolymers solutions such as PLA and PHAs.
Conventional computers operate deterministically using strings of zeros and ones called bits to represent information in binary code. Despite the evolution of conventional computers into ...sophisticated machines, there are many classes of problems that they cannot efficiently address, including inference, invertible logic, sampling and optimization, leading to considerable interest in alternative computing schemes. Quantum computing, which uses qubits to represent a superposition of 0 and 1, is expected to perform these tasks efficiently
. However, decoherence and the current requirement for cryogenic operation
, as well as the limited many-body interactions that can be implemented, pose considerable challenges. Probabilistic computing
is another unconventional computation scheme that shares similar concepts with quantum computing but is not limited by the above challenges. The key role is played by a probabilistic bit (a p-bit)-a robust, classical entity fluctuating in time between 0 and 1, which interacts with other p-bits in the same system using principles inspired by neural networks
. Here we present a proof-of-concept experiment for probabilistic computing using spintronics technology, and demonstrate integer factorization, an illustrative example of the optimization class of problems addressed by adiabatic
and gated
quantum computing. Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions showing stochastic behaviour are developed by modifying market-ready magnetoresistive random-access memory technology
and are used to implement three-terminal p-bits that operate at room temperature. The p-bits are electrically connected to form a functional asynchronous network, to which a modified adiabatic quantum computing algorithm that implements three- and four-body interactions is applied. Factorization of integers up to 945 is demonstrated with this rudimentary asynchronous probabilistic computer using eight correlated p-bits, and the results show good agreement with theoretical predictions, thus providing a potentially scalable hardware approach to the difficult problems of optimization and sampling.
Given their political incentives, governments in more autocratic polities can strategically channel unearned government and household income in the form of foreign aid and remittances to finance ...patronage, which extends their tenure in political office. I substantiate this claim with duration models of government turnover for a sample of 97 countries between 1975 and 2004. Unearned foreign income received in more autocratic countries reduces the likelihood of government turnover, regime collapse, and outbreaks of major political discontent. To allay potential concerns with endogeneity, I harness a natural experiment of oil price–driven aid and remittance flows to poor, non–oil producing Muslim autocracies. The instrumental variables results confirm the baseline finding that authoritarian governments can harness unearned foreign income to prolong their rule. Finally, I provide evidence of the underlying causal mechanisms that governments in autocracies use aid and remittances inflows to reduce their expenditures on welfare goods to fund patronage.
Aurora B kinase (AURKB) is the catalytic subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), an essential regulator of chromosome segregation. In mitosis, the CPC is required to regulate kinetochore ...microtubule (K-MT) attachments, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. Germ cells express an AURKB homolog, AURKC, which can also function in the CPC. Separation of AURKB and AURKC function during meiosis in oocytes by conventional approaches has not been successful. Therefore, the meiotic function of AURKC is still not fully understood. Here, we describe an ATP-binding-pocket-AURKC mutant, that when expressed in mouse oocytes specifically perturbs AURKC-CPC and not AURKB-CPC function. Using this mutant we show for the first time that AURKC has functions that do not overlap with AURKB. These functions include regulating localized CPC activity and regulating chromosome alignment and K-MT attachments at metaphase of meiosis I (Met I). We find that AURKC-CPC is not the sole CPC complex that regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint in meiosis, and as a result most AURKC-perturbed oocytes arrest at Met I. A small subset of oocytes do proceed through cytokinesis normally, suggesting that AURKC-CPC is not the sole CPC complex during telophase I. But, the resulting eggs are aneuploid, indicating that AURKC is a critical regulator of meiotic chromosome segregation in female gametes. Taken together, these data suggest that mammalian oocytes contain AURKC to efficiently execute meiosis I and ensure high-quality eggs necessary for sexual reproduction.
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Precise characterization of wettability of CO2–brine–rock system and CO2–brine interfacial tension at reservoir conditions is essential as they influence capillary sealing efficiency ...of caprocks, which in turn, impacts the structural and residual trapping during CO2 geo-sequestration. In this context, we have experimentally measured advancing and receding contact angles for brine–CO2–mica system (surface roughness ∼12nm) at different pressures (0.1MPa, 5MPa, 7MPa, 10MPa, 15MPa, 20MPa), temperatures (308K, 323K, and 343K), and salinities (0wt%, 5wt%, 10wt%, 20wt% and 30wt% NaCl). For the same experimental matrix, CO2–brine interfacial tensions have also been measured using the pendant drop technique. The results indicate that both advancing and receding contact angles increase with pressure and salinity, but decrease with temperature. On the contrary, CO2–brine interfacial tension decrease with pressure and increase with temperature. At 20MPa and 308K, the advancing angle is measured to be ∼110°, indicating CO2-wetting. The results have been compared with various published literature data and probable factors responsible for deviations have been highlighted. Finally we demonstrate the implications of measured data by evaluating CO2 storage heights under various operating conditions. We conclude that for a given storage depth, reservoirs with lower pressures and high temperatures can store larger volumes and thus exhibit better sealing efficiency.
•(Water+CO2) contact angle on quartz increases substantially with pressure and salinity.•(Water+CO2) contact angle on quartz increases slightly with temperature.•Surface roughness has only a minor ...influence on (water+CO2+quartz) contact angles.
The wetting characteristics of CO2 in rock are of vital importance in carbon geo-storage as they determine fluid dynamics and storage capacities. However, the current literature data has a high uncertainty, which translates into uncertain predictions in terms of containment security and economic project feasibility. We thus measured contact angles for the CO2/water/quartz system at relevant reservoir conditions, and analysed the effects of pressure (0.1 to 20)MPa, temperature (296 to 343)K, surface roughness (56 to 1300)nm, salt type (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) and brine salinities (0 to 35)wt%.
Water contact angles decreased with surface roughness, but increased with pressure, temperature, and brine salinity. Overall the contact angles were significantly increased at storage conditions (∼50°) when compared to ambient conditions (always 0°). Consequently quartz is weakly water-wet (not completely water-wet) at storage conditions, and structural and residual trapping capacities are reduced accordingly.
We sought to determine the significance of myeloid clonal hematopoiesis (CH) in the UK Biobank cohort (n = 502,524, median age = 58 years). Utilizing SNP array (n = 486,941) and whole exome ...sequencing data (n = 49,956), we identified 1166 participants with myeloid CH, defined by myeloid-associated mosaic chromosome abnormalities (mCA) and/or likely somatic driver mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, JAK2, SRSF2, or PPM1D. Myeloid CH increased by 1.1-fold per annum (myeloid mCA, P = 1.57 × 10
; driver mutations, P = 5.89 × 10
). Genome-wide association analysis identified two distinct signals within TERT that predisposed to myeloid CH, plus a weaker signal corresponding to the JAK2 46/1 haplotype. Specific subtypes of myeloid CH were associated with several blood features and clinical phenotypes, including TET2 mutations and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking history was significantly associated with myeloid CH: 53% of myeloid CH cases were smokers compared to 44% of controls (P = 3.38 × 10
), a difference principally due to current (OR = 1.10; P = 6.14 × 10
) rather than past smoking (P = 0.08). Breakdown of CH by specific mutation type revealed that ASXL1 loss of function mutations were most strongly associated with current smoking status (OR = 1.07; P = 1.92 × 10
), and the only abnormality associated with past smoking (OR = 1.04; P = 0.0026). We suggest that the inflammatory environment induced by smoking may promote the outgrowth of ASXL1-mutant clones.
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