A search for the heaviest isotopes of fluorine, neon, and sodium was conducted by fragmentation of an intense ^{48}Ca beam at 345 MeV/nucleon with a 20-mm-thick beryllium target and identification ...of isotopes in the large-acceptance separator BigRIPS at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. No events were observed for ^{32,33}F, ^{35,36}Ne, and ^{38}Na and only one event for ^{39}Na after extensive running. Comparison with predicted yields excludes the existence of bound states of these unobserved isotopes with high confidence levels. The present work indicates that ^{31}F and ^{34}Ne are the heaviest bound isotopes of fluorine and neon, respectively. The neutron dripline has thus been experimentally confirmed up to neon for the first time since ^{24}O was confirmed to be the dripline nucleus nearly 20 years ago. These data provide new keys to understanding the nuclear stability at extremely neutron-rich conditions.
Egg white contains many functionally important proteins. Ovalbumin (54%), ovotransferrin (12%), ovomucoid (11%), ovomucin (3.5%), and lysozyme (3.5%) are among the major proteins that have high ...potentials for industrial applications if separated. The separation methods for these proteins from egg white have been developed since early 1900, but preparation methods of these proteins for commercial applications are still under development. Simplicity and scalability of the methods, use of nontoxic chemicals for the separation, and sequential separation for multiple proteins are very important criteria for the commercial production and application of these proteins. The separated proteins can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry as is or after modifications with enzymes. Ovotransferrin is used as a metal transporter, antimicrobial, or anticancer agent, whereas lysozyme is mainly used as a food preservative. Ovalbumin is widely used as a nutrient supplement and ovomucin as a tumor suppression agent. Ovomucoid is the major egg allergen but can inhibit the growth of tumors, and thus can be used as an anticancer agent. Hydrolyzed peptides from these proteins showed very good angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory, anticancer, metal binding, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, separation of egg white proteins and the productions of bioactive peptides from egg white proteins are emerging areas with many new applications.
Abstract
Egg white contains many functionally important proteins: ovalbumin (54%), ovotransferrin (12%), ovomucoid (11%), ovoglobulin (G2 and G3, 8%), ovomucin (3.5%), and lysozyme (3.5%) are major ...proteins, while ovoinhibitors, ovomacroglobulin, ovoglycoprotein, ovoflavoprotein, thiamine-binding proteins, and avidin are minor proteins present in egg white. These proteins, as well as the peptides derived from the proteins, have been recognized for their functional importance as antioxidant, antimicrobial, metal-chelating, anti-viral, anti-tumour, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activities. Among the functional properties of the peptides, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities are important characteristics for food processing while other properties such as ACE-inhibitory activity of the peptides can have important health-related functionalities. Bioactive peptides can be produced from egg white proteins by enzyme hydrolysis, chemical treatments, or thermal treatments at different pH conditions. The effective functional peptides produced from egg white proteins are usually smaller than 2 kDa in molecular size. However, these peptides are known for their beneficial activities in vitro only, and little work has been done to prove their beneficial effects in vivo. Therefore, further studies are needed to see if the bioactive peptides derived from egg white proteins are helpful for humans in the future.
Background
This study evaluated the incidence, patterns and risk factors for recurrence after hemithyroidectomy in patients with low‐ and intermediate‐risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and ...verified the predictive role of the risk staging systems in current use.
Methods
The clinicopathological characteristics and risk categories were analysed according to recurrence in patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy for low‐ and intermediate‐risk conventional PTC, and were followed up for at least 24 months. Five risk staging systems were used to stratify risk: the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) system; Age, Metastases, Extent and Size (AMES) system; Metastases, Age, Complete resection, Invasion and Size (MACIS) system; Grade, Age, Metastases, Extent and Size (GAMES) system; and the eighth AJCC system.
Results
The study included 561 patients; 93·9 per cent of the study population (527 of 561) had a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma 1 cm or smaller in size. At a mean follow‐up of 83 months, 25 patients (4·5 per cent) had recurrence; among these patients, 23 (92%) presented with a remaining thyroid lobe. Multifocality was significantly associated with recurrence in univariable and multivariable analyses (adjusted hazard ratio 3·16, 95 per cent c.i. 1·25 to 7·98; P = 0·015). Disease‐free survival (DFS) varied according to multifocality (P = 0·010). The five risk staging systems were not associated with recurrence, and their Harrell's C‐index ranged from 0·500 to 0·531. DFS rates did not differ between the risk categories in each system.
Conclusion
Although the recurrence rate after hemithyroidectomy in patients with low‐ and intermediate‐risk PTC was low, meticulous follow‐up focusing on the remaining thyroid lobe is needed for early detection and timely management of recurrence. The risk scoring systems in current use have no predictive role in these patients.
Antecedentes
Este estudio evaluó la incidencia, patrones y factores de riesgo de recidiva tras hemitiroidectomía en pacientes con carcinoma papilar de tiroides (papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC) de riesgo bajo e intermedio y verificó el papel predictivo de los sistemas de estadificación del riesgo utilizados en la actualidad (risk staging systems, RSSs).
Métodos
Se analizaron las características clinicopatológicas y las categorías de riesgo en base a la recidiva en 561 pacientes que fueron sometidos a hemitiroidectomía por PTC convencional de riesgo bajo e intermedio y seguidos durante ≥ 24 meses. Para estratificar el riesgo se utilizaron cinco RSSs, incluyendo el sistema de la American Thyroid Association (ATA) de 2015; la edad, las metástasis, la extensión y el tamaño del sistema AMES; las metástasis, la edad, la resección completa, la invasión y el tamaño del sistema GAMES; y la octava edición de la American Joint Committee on Cancer system (AJCC).
Resultados
La proporción de la población de estudio con microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides de tamaño ≤ 1 cm fue 93,9% (527/561). A los 83 meses de seguimiento, 25 pacientes (4,5%) presentaron recidiva y entre estos pacientes, 23 (92%) no habían sido sometidos a tiroidectomía total. La multifocalidad se asoció significativamente con la recidiva en los análisis univariado y multivariable con un cociente de riesgos instantáneos (hazard ratio, HR) ajustado de 3,163; i.c. del 95% 1,253–7,983; P = 0,015. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad (disease‐free survival, DFS) varió según la multifocalidad (P = 0,010). Los cinco RSSs no se asociaron con la recidiva, y su índice C de Harrell fue 0,500‐0,531. Las DFSs no fueron diferentes entre las categorías de riesgo de cada RSS.
Conclusión
La tasa de recidiva tras hemitiroidectomía en pacientes con PTC de riesgo bajo e intermedio fue baja. Sin embargo, es necesario efectuar un seguimiento meticuloso, centrándose en el lóbulo tiroideo restante, para la detección precoz y el tratamiento oportuno de la recidiva. Los RSSs que se utilizan en la actualidad no tienen valor predictivo en estos pacientes.
In this study, the overall recurrence rate after hemithyroidectomy in patients with low‐ to intermediate‐risk papillary thyroid carcinoma was 4·5 per cent (25 of 561), and most recurrences developed in the retained contralateral thyroid lobe. Multifocality was significantly associated with recurrence. However, none of the currently used risk staging systems (2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA); Age, Metastases, Extent and Size (AMES); Metastases, Age, Complete resection, Invasion and Size (MACIS); Grade, Age, Metastases, Extent and Size (GAMES); and 8th AJCC) were associated with recurrence.
Recurrence rate low
The effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from Citrus unshiu peels was evaluated. Citrus peels (CP) (5 g) were placed in Pyrex Petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and ...heat-treated at 50, 100, or 150 °C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min in an electric muffle furnace. After heat treatment, 70% ethanol extract (EE) and water extract (WE) (0.1 g/10 mL) of CP were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of CP extracts increased as heating temperature increased. For example, heat treatment of CP at 150 °C for 60 min increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of EE from 71.8 to 171.0 μM, from 29.64 to 64.25%, and from 0.45 to 0.82, respectively, compared to non-heat-treated control. In the case of WE from CP heat-treated at the same conditions (150 °C for 60 min), the TPC, RSA, and reducing power also increased from 84.4 to 204.9 μM, from 15.81 to 58.26%, and from 0.27 to 0.96, respectively. Several low molecular weight phenolic compounds such as 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldoxime, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, and vanillic acid were newly formed in the CP heated at 150 °C for 30 min. These results indicated that the antioxidant activity of CP extracts was significantly affected by heating temperature and duration of treatment on CP and that the heating process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant activity of CP. Keywords: Citrus peels; extracts; heat treatment; antioxidant activity
Many neutron star properties, such as the proton fraction, reflect the symmetry energy contributions to the equation of state that dominate when neutron and proton densities differ strongly. To ...constrain these contributions at suprasaturation densities, we measure the spectra of charged pions produced by colliding rare isotope tin (Sn) beams with isotopically enriched Sn targets. Using ratios of the charged pion spectra measured at high transverse momenta, we deduce the slope of the symmetry energy to be 42<L<117 MeV. This value is slightly lower but consistent with the L values deduced from a recent measurement of the neutron skin thickness of ^{208}Pb.
Ninety green turkey hams were equally divided into 3 groups and cured with 3 g/100 g, 4 g/100 g or 5 g/100 g salt. Cured hams were then dry-ripened by following the same procedure as dry-cured pig ...ham with some modifications. The effect of curing salt on lipids' oxidation and volatile compounds formation by dry-cured turkey hams was studied. The TBARS values and the total content of volatile compounds in ripened turkey hams decreased significantly as salt concentration increased (p < 0.05). The amount of curing salt was positively correlated with total aldehydes content (r = 0.982), but negatively correlated with alcohols, ketones and alkanes contents (r = −0.975, −0.649 and −0.807, respectively). Principal component analysis results showed that the first principal component (PC1) was dominated by aldehydes, alkanes and some alcohols, and explained 69% of total variance. These results indicated that reduced curing salt level result in increased formation of flavour-active volatiles in dry-cured turkey hams.
► Turkey hams are processed by a similar procedure to that of dry-cured pork hams. ► Effect of curing salt on TBARS and volatile compounds of turkey hams were studied. ► Aldehydes, alkanes and some alcohols were the main compounds of overall flavour. ► Lower curing salt increased flavour-active volatiles' formation of ripened turkey ham.
Under the leadership of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), approximately 1100 global cities have signed to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Accurate greenhouse gas emission calculations ...at the city-scale have become critical. This study forms a bridge between the two emission calculation methods: (a) the city-scale accounting used by C40 cities—the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) and (b) the global-scale gridded datasets used by the research community—the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and Open‐Source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC). For the emission magnitudes of 78 C40 cities, we find good correlations between the GPC and EDGAR (R2 = 0.80) and the GPC and ODIAC (R2 = 0.72). Regionally, African cities show the largest variability in the three emission estimates. For the emission trends, the standard deviation of the differences is ±4.7% yr−1 for EDGAR vs. GPC and is ±3.9% yr−1 for ODIAC vs. GPC: a factor of ∼2 larger than the trends that many C40 cities pledged (net-zero by 2050 from 2010, or −2.5% yr−1). To examine the source of discrepancies in the emission datasets, we assess the impact of spatial resolutions of EDGAR (0.1°) and ODIAC (1 km) on estimating varying-sized cities’ emissions. Our analysis shows that the coarser resolution of EDGAR can artificially decrease emissions by 13% for cities smaller than 1000 km2. We find that data quality of emission factors (EFs) used in GPC inventories vary regionally: the highest quality for European and North American and the lowest for African and Latin American cities. Our study indicates that the following items should be prioritized to reduce the discrepancies between the two emission calculation methods: (a) implementing local-specific/up-to-date EFs in GPC inventories, (b) keeping the global power plant database current, and (c) incorporating satellite-derived CO2 datasets (i.e. NASA OCO-3).
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