Graphene provides outstanding properties that can be integrated into various flexible and stretchable electronic devices in a conventional, scalable fashion. The mechanical, electrical, and optical ...properties of graphene make it an attractive candidate for applications in electronics, energy‐harvesting devices, sensors, and other systems. Recent research progress on graphene‐based flexible and stretchable electronics is reviewed here. The production and fabrication methods used for target device applications are first briefly discussed. Then, the various types of flexible and stretchable electronic devices that are enabled by graphene are discussed, including logic devices, energy‐harvesting devices, sensors, and bioinspired devices. The results represent important steps in the development of graphene‐based electronics that could find applications in the area of flexible and stretchable electronics.
The outstanding properties of graphene enable a novel form of electronics in a conventional, scalable fashion. Recent progress in graphene‐based flexible and stretchable electronics is reviewed, from the production of the graphene to its applications, including logic gates, energy‐harvesting devices, sensors, and bioinspired devices.
A conformal tactile sensor based on MoS2 and graphene is demonstrated. The MoS2 tactile sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity, high uniformity, and good repeatability in terms of various strains. In ...addition, the outstanding flexibility enables the MoS2 strain tactile sensor to be realized conformally on a finger tip. The MoS2‐based tactile sensor can be utilized for wearable electronics, such as electronic skin.
Although flakes of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures at the micrometer scale can be formed with adhesive-tape exfoliation methods, isolation of 2D flakes into monolayers is extremely time ...consuming because it is a trial-and-error process. Controlling the number of 2D layers through direct growth also presents difficulty because of the high nucleation barrier on 2D materials. We demonstrate a layer-resolved 2D material splitting technique that permits high-throughput production of multiple monolayers of wafer-scale (5-centimeter diameter) 2D materials by splitting single stacks of thick 2D materials grown on a single wafer. Wafer-scale uniformity of hexagonal boron nitride, tungsten disulfide, tungsten diselenide, molybdenum disulfide, and molybdenum diselenide monolayers was verified by photoluminescence response and by substantial retention of electronic conductivity. We fabricated wafer-scale van der Waals heterostructures, including field-effect transistors, with single-atom thickness resolution.
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the future Smart Distribution Network (SDN) has challenging issues regarding the successful development of smart grids. The SDN offers new ...opportunities in the improvement of the efficiency of power distribution networks. The DERs will be distributed in the existing distribution networks, interconnected in customer areas and operated on its own schedule without communication to the control center of the existing distribution system. The DER units have both positive and negative effects regarding SDN operations. With the appropriate operation of the DER units in the SDN, losses can be reduced during normal operations and they can support local loads during abnormal conditions. Thus, the positive effects of the DER units need to be enabled in the SDN by adopting advanced operation schemes. In this paper, the smart control functions for the DER units in the SDN are defined and classified. In addition, the integration schemes for the SDN with DER units are introduced. The proposed operation strategies will be implemented into the Korean Smart Distribution Management System (KSDMS) as operation schemes used for loss reduction and service restoration. A sample case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed operation schemes to achieve smart operation functions for the SDN with DER units.
Large-area, ultrathin flexible tactile sensors with conformal adherence are becoming crucial for advances in wearable electronics, electronic skins and biorobotics. However, normal passive tactile ...sensors suffer from high crosstalk, resulting in inaccurate sensing, which consequently limits their use in such advanced applications. Active-matrix-driven tactile sensors could potentially overcome such hurdles, but it demands the high performance and reliable operations of the thin-film-transistor array that could efficiently control integrated pressure gauges. Herein, we utilized the benefit of the semiconducting and mechanical excellence of MoS2 and placed it between high-k Al2O3 dielectric sandwich layers to achieve the high and reliable performance of MoS2-based back-plane circuitry and strain sensor. This strategical combination reduces the fabrication complexity and enables the demonstration of an all MoS2-based large area (8 × 8 array) active-matrix tactile sensor offering a wide sensing range (1–120 kPa), sensitivity value (ΔR/R 0: 0.011 kPa–1), and a response time (180 ms) with excellent linearity. In addition, it showed potential in sensing multitouch accurately, tracking a stylus trajectory, and detecting the shape of an external object by grasping it using the palm of the human hand.
To realize basic electronic units such as complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) inverters and other logic circuits, the selective and controllable fabrication of p‐ and n‐type transistors ...with a low Schottky barrier height is highly desirable. Herein, an efficient and nondestructive technique of electron‐charge transfer doping by depositing a thin Al2O3 layer on chemical vapor deposition (CVD)‐grown 2H‐MoTe2 is utilized to tune the doping from p‐ to n‐type. Moreover, a type‐controllable MoTe2 transistor with a low Schottky barrier height is prepared. The selectively converted n‐type MoTe2 transistor from the p‐channel exhibits a maximum on‐state current of 10 µA, with a higher electron mobility of 8.9 cm2 V−1 s−1 at a drain voltage (Vds) of 1 V with a low Schottky barrier height of 28.4 meV. To validate the aforementioned approach, a prototype homogeneous CMOS inverter is fabricated on a CVD‐grown 2H‐MoTe2 single crystal. The proposed inverter exhibits a high DC voltage gain of 9.2 with good dynamic behavior up to a modulation frequency of 1 kHz. The proposed approach may have potential for realizing future 2D transition metal dichalcogenide‐based efficient and ultrafast electronic units with high‐density circuit components under a low‐dimensional regime.
The p‐doped region of chemical vapor deposition grown 2H‐MoTe2 crystals is selectively converted into n‐type via depositing an ultrathin Al2O3 layer using a nondestructive atomic layer deposition technique. This ultrathin Al2O3 layer also reduces the Schottky barrier height, which provides an opportunity to fabricate polarity controlled MoTe2 transistors and homogeneous complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor inverters on a single MoTe2 crystal.
Abstract
Transient electronics represents an emerging technology whose defining feature is an ability to dissolve, disintegrate or otherwise physically disappear in a controlled manner. Envisioned ...applications include resorbable/degradable biomedical implants, hardware-secure memory devices, and zero-impact environmental sensors. 2D materials may have essential roles in these systems due to their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Here, we study the bioabsorption of CVD-grown monolayer MoS
2
, including long-term cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility evaluations in biofluids and tissues of live animal models. The results show that MoS
2
undergoes hydrolysis slowly in aqueous solutions without adverse biological effects. We also present a class of MoS
2
-based bioabsorbable and multi-functional sensor for intracranial monitoring of pressure, temperature, strain, and motion in animal models. Such technology offers specific, clinically relevant roles in diagnostic/therapeutic functions during recovery from traumatic brain injury. Our findings support the broader use of 2D materials in transient electronics and qualitatively expand the design options in other areas.
The current study intended to manufacture 17-4PH stainless steel using material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) process and to control the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ...steel through heat treatment. The as sintered MEAM 17-4PH steel was densely manufactured with a 97% or more sintered density and few inter-layer defects. Microstructure images of the prepared specimen showed an isotropic microstructure, and the matrix was mainly composed of lath martensite. After heat treatment (a standard H900 condition), no phase change was observed in the matrix of the specimen, and the dislocation density slightly increased. In the case of nano-sized particles, 16.38 nm 3R structure Cu-rich precipitates (CRP) and some NbC were present in the as sintered steel. A high fraction of BCC structure CRP of size 3.51 nm and NbC of size about 88 nm precipitated in the post-heat-treated specimen. Tensile test of the specimen before the heat treatment (as sintered) showed the best mechanical properties among the MEAM 17-4PH steels reported so far. After the heat treatment, tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation even increased to 1.35 GPa, 1.11 GPa, and 7.8%, respectively. This study also aimed to suggest a method for controlling the properties of the MEAM-built 17-4PH stainless steel to improve its mechanical properties based on its microstructures change and the difference in strengthening mechanisms.
Lentinula edodes is one of the most popular edible mushroom species in the world and contains useful medicinal components, such as lentinan. The light-induced formation of brown film on the ...vegetative mycelial tissues of L. edodes is an important process for ensuring the quantity and quality of this edible mushroom. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this critical developmental process in L. edodes, we characterized the morphological phenotypic changes in a strain, Chamaram, associated with abnormal brown film formation and compared its genome-wide transcriptional features.
In the present study, we performed genome-wide transcriptome analyses of different vegetative mycelium growth phenotypes, namely, early white, normal brown, and defective dark yellow partial brown films phenotypes which were exposed to different light conditions. The analysis revealed the identification of clusters of genes specific to the light-induced brown film phenotypes. These genes were significantly associated with light sensing via photoreceptors such as FMN- and FAD-bindings, signal transduction by kinases and GPCRs, melanogenesis via activation of tyrosinases, and cell wall degradation by glucanases, chitinases, and laccases, which suggests these processes are involved in the formation of mycelial browning in L. edodes. Interestingly, hydrophobin genes such as SC1 and SC3 exhibited divergent expression levels in the normal and abnormal brown mycelial films, indicating the ability of these genes to act in fruiting body initiation and formation of dikaryotic mycelia. Furthermore, we identified the up-regulation of glycoside hydrolase domain-containing genes in the normal brown film but not in the abnormal film phenotype, suggesting that cell wall degradation in the normal brown film phenotype is crucial in the developmental processes related to the initiation and formation of fruiting bodies.
This study systematically analysed the expression patterns of light-induced browning-related genes in L. edodes. Our findings provide information for further investigations of browning formation mechanisms in L. edodes and a foundation for future L. edodes breeding.
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•Direct CO2 mineralization using membrane contactors (MCs) and SWRO brine.•Stable performance of MCs with surface-engineered hollow fiber membranes.•Selective carbonation of Ca2+ and ...Mg2+ realized by staged pH swing.•Economic advantages of the propose system over conventional amine scrubbing.
The urgent demand for sustainable water management has given rise to widespread seawater desalination, leading to significant brine waste and a substantial carbon footprint resulting from extensive energy consumption. To address this challenge, we propose the utilization of hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMCs) for direct CO2 mineralization. By mimicking lotus leaf surfaces, HFMs are successfully modified to possess superhydrophobic and antifouling properties, resulting in enhanced operational stability, as evidenced by a marginal 3.5 % flux decline after 10 days. Moreover, HFMCs incorporating these modified membranes achieve remarkable CO2 removal (up to 94 %) and selective mineral carbonation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ through staged pH swing. A techno-economic analysis highlights the superiority of our system compared to traditional amine scrubbing, with a 35 % reduction in CO2 capture costs and the generation of valuable products. This innovative application of HFMCs presents a promising solution for CO2 management, transforming seawater reverse osmosis brine into a valuable resource.
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