The application of paraconsistent logics to theological contradictions is a fascinating move. Jc Beall’s (J Anal Theol, 7(1): 400–439, 2019) paper entitled ‘Christ—A Contradiction: A Defense of ...‘Contradictory Christology’ is a notable example. Beall proposes a solution to the fundamental problem of Christology. His solution aims at making the case, and defending the viability of, what he has termed, ‘Contradictory Christology’. There are at least two essential components of Beall’s ‘Contradictory Christology’. These include the dogmatic statements of Chalcedon and FDE logic. The first is the theological contradiction in question. The second is the type of paraconsistent logic. Both components are integral to a contradictory theology in general. I argue that there can be no such thing as an Islamic contradictory theology. I make the case by establishing two points. These points correspond to both integral components of a contradictory theology in general. The first is that an Islamic theological contradiction does not entail an actual (logical) contradiction. The second is that FDE logic, including alternative sub-classical systems of logic, are not adequate in tolerating an Islamic theological contradiction.
In this paper, I make the case for epistemic relativism: the radical view that all human knowledge/truth is relative. I extend the application of epistemic relativism to include necessary laws such ...as the laws of logic. I argue that the truth of such laws are relative to human thought, which are ultimately instances derived from our experiences. These experiences act as limitations to which we are conceptually bound. As a result of this, we cannot apprehend God’s omnipotence. This includes God’s maximal power in being able toperform logically impossible actions. Our epistemic inability to conceive of such logically impossible actions is therefore testimony that God transcends the laws of logic.
Analytic theologians seem to unreservedly prioritise a realist view in the way they approach theological dogmas. I have previously argued that this particular type of realist methodological approach ...that is adopted by most analytic theologians is inconsistent with the Islamic tradition. I demonstrated that this inconsistency lies between two primary theses which constitute realism and an absolutely transcendent and ineffable God of the Islamic tradition. I had established how each of these theses proved responsible, in different ways, for divesting the Islamic God of His absolute transcendence. In this paper I determine why this is the case. I primarily seek to explicate the underlying reason for why metaphysical (theological) realism proves to be responsible for stripping the Islamic God of His absolute transcendence. This would involve being able to stipulate, somewhat accurately, the precise source of the accentuated inconsistency between metaphysical (theological) realism and the Islamic understanding of an absolutely transcendent and ineffable God. The exact source of this inconsistency, I shall argue, is grounded in Quine’s ontological theses which underlie much of what metaphysical realism imports into the domain of analytic theology.
•A new approach in selecting appropriate site for wind farms was proposed.•The MCDA-DBC methodology was developed and applied on Ghana.•Top 10% of suitable areas for wind farm development in Ghana ...were identified.•According to the analysis, 14 geographical clusters with high wind energy availability were identified.•The average size of the clusters is around 19 km2 with a maximum size of up to 32 km2.
This paper presents a new approach for identifying and site contour optimization of wind farms in the context of transmission expansion planning for the Republic of Ghana to support its renewable energy development plan. The proposed approach uses spatial multi-criteria analysis, density-based clustering, and analytical hierarchy process to identify, optimize, and rank candidate sites. The proposed methodology provides an automated procedure for optimizing site boundary contours using density-based clustering. It provides decisional flexibility in identifying clusters of the minimum required size, unlike the traditional approach. The analysis identifies 14 geographical clusters with high wind energy availability with an average area of 19 km2 and a maximum area of up to 32 km2. All the clusters found are in relative proximity to both transportation and transmission networks. Results from the techno-economic and environmental assessment identified the least levelized cost of energy of 0.21 $/kW h at clusters C, E, M and N. The power plant modeled at cluster M recorded the least simple payback period of 4.30 years and highest internal rate of return of 22.8 %. The worst site was cluster L because it recorded the highest emissions of about 354,474 kg/year for carbon dioxide and 130 kg/year for carbon monoxide.
In multicast wireless access systems such as a trunked mobile radio system, channel allocation is performed based on multicast groups instead of radio units. Thus, in these systems, the call source ...units are these groups, which we also call the users. In a practical system, these users are finite in number, and each user or group may consist of many radio units. In this paper, we discuss the coupling of uplink control and communication segments (layers) of such finite source systems, in which the performance of one layer directly affects that of the other. The conventional studies model these system segments separately and, thus, are unable to capture the coupling issues in networks with the finite sources' constraint. We first propose a novel model that incorporates this coupling by jointly quantifying both the collision loss at the control layer and congestion loss at the communication layer. Under our proposed framework, we further optimize the number of uplink control and communication channels to minimize the joint total loss rate given a constraint on the total number of available channels. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of our proposed model in estimating the invisible actual traffic load and provide guidelines for developing an algorithm for the traffic-aware allocation of channels, based on the proposed model.
The present study empirically analyses the sector-wise private investment behaviour in Pakistan using the autoregressive distributed lag model from 1964 to 2015. The results indicate that credit ...availability and infrastructural development considerably affect private investment in agriculture, industry, and services. However, the user cost of capital does not have any influence on investment. The response of investment demand to credit availability is inelastic (i.e. 0.259) for agriculture but relatively higher for the industrial sector with a magnitude of 0.554. However, its value is slightly higher than the unit elastic value (1.059) in services. Fertiliser use positively impacts investment in agriculture, which is negatively affected by access to water. The values of the corresponding coefficients are 0.726 and −2.731, respectively. Remittances and foreign direct investment positively contribute to private investment in services. Openness significantly demotes private investment in services, and its magnitude is relatively high (−5.127). The findings signify and implicate the role of water availability, government support, and financial development in the agricultural sector. However, a stable political environment and cost of investment are very important for investment activities in the industry. Nevertheless, the role of openness in investment in services is vital.
This article is an introduction to the special issue on interactions between analytic and Islamic philosophy/theology. Islamic philosophy and theology have historically demonstrated the aptitude and ...scope in being able to engage with philosophical rationalist traditions beyond classical Islamic civilisation. Articles in this special issue of the European Journal of Analytic Philosophy provide a new and fresh outlook of the relation and influences between Islamic philosophical and theological traditions and the Western (analytic) philosophical tradition.
Torn Between the Contours of Logic Ahsan, Abbas; Karim, Marzuqa
European Journal of Analytic Philosophy,
01/2022, Letnik:
18, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Western contemporary logic has been used to advance the field of Islamic philosophical theology, which historically utilised Aristotelian-Avicennian logic, on grounds of there being an inherent ...normativity in logic. This is in spite of the surrounding controversy on the status of logic in the Islamic theological tradition. The normative authority of logic means that it influences the content of what we ought to believe and how we ought to revise those beliefs. This paper seeks to demonstrate that, notwithstanding the incompatible differences between the two systems, the underlying feature of both Western contemporary logic and Aristotelian- Avicennian logic is logical normativity. It then argues that an inherent normativity of logic in the Islamic theological/philosophical tradition is unmotivated. Instead, it proposes to reinstate logic as anti-exceptional within the Islamic theological/philosophical tradition as a viable alternative.
Zapadna suvremena logika korištena je za unapređenje islamske filozofske teologije, koja je povijesno koristila aristotelovsko-avicenovsku logiku, na temelju toga što se logika shvaćala kao inherentno normativna. To je usprkos kontroverzama o statusu logike u islamskoj teološkoj tradiciji. Normativni autoritet logike znači da ona utječe na sadržaj onoga u što bismo trebali vjerovati i na to kako bismo trebali revidirati ta uvjerenja. Ovaj rad nastoji pokazati da je, bez obzira na nekompatibilne razlike između dvaju sustava, temeljna značajka zapadne suvremene logike i aristotelovsko-avicenovske logike njihova normativnost. Zatim se tvrdi da je inherentna normativnost logike u islamskoj teološkoj/filozofskoj tradiciji nemotivirana. Umjesto toga, kao održivu alternativu rad predlaže ponovno uspostavljanje logike kao anti-ekscepcionalističke unutar islamske teološke/filozofske tradicije.
In this paper, we use Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem to find existence results for the solution of the following nonlinear fractional differential equations (FDEs) for a coupled system involving ...AB-Caputo fractional derivative
0
A
B
C
D
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(
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with boundary conditions
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We discuss uniqueness with the help of the Banach contraction principle. The criteria for Hyers–Ulam stability of given AB-Caputo fractional-coupled boundary value problem (BVP) is also discussed. Some examples are provided to validate our results. In Example 1, we find a unique and stable solution of AB-Caputo fractional-coupled BVP. In Example 2, the analysis of approximate and exact solutions with errors of nonlinear integral equations is elaborated with graphs.
This paper presents a study on the existence theory of fractional differential equations involving Atangana–Baleanu (AB) derivative of order
1
<
α
≤
2
, with non-separated and integral type boundary ...conditions. An existence result for the solutions of given AB-fractional differential equation is proved using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, while the uniqueness of the solution is obtained using Banach contraction principle. Some conditions are proposed under which the given boundary value problem is Hyers–Ulam stable. Examples are given to validate our results.
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