Since the passage of the statement, a study published in the Journal of Dental Research further confirmed the efficacy of community water fluoridation in preventing caries in the primary and ...permanent teeth of US children and adolescents, a significant update to the evidence showing that community water fluoridation still plays an important role in oral health and caries prevention (Slade et al. 2018). Because the policy statements represent the collective assessment of the best available evidence, AADR members, staff, and volunteer leadership are empowered to speak confidently on behalf of the organization in comments on policy and research developments, in response to requests for information from federal agencies, and in advocacy efforts or legislative initiatives. In another review, the Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), an independent panel of public health experts appointed by the director of the CDC, found that starting water fluoridation decreased caries in children aged 4 to 17 y by 30% to 50% and that stopping water fluoridation increased caries by 18% (Truman et al. 2002). While the AADR always welcomes research on water fluoridation safety and effectiveness in the current context of fluoride availability, the balance of evidence currently shows that community water fluoridation is safe, effective, and cost saving and, in some communities, reduces oral health disparities. ...the AADR supports community water fluoridation and recommends the fluoridation of community water sources to a level of 0.7 mg of fluoride per liter of water.
Oxidative stress and membrane permeability as mode of antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum seeds against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus ...was investigated. The concentration of phytochemical constituents of Syzygium aromaticum was determined using gas chromatography. Syzygium aromaticum seeds contain eugenol acetate > β-carophyllene > eugenin > eugenol > methyl salicylate > β-humulene > rhamnatin > fernesol > α-copeane > β-ylangene > kaempferol > cinnamic acid > oleanolic acid > benzaldehyde > α-humulene > vanillin > α-cubebene > carvicol > benzoic acid. Syzygium aromaticum showed antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values as 0.06 and 0.10 mg/mL respectively. Time kill susceptibility by Syzygium aromaticum at MBC values showed significant decrease in the optical density and colony-forming unit (CFU) of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Superoxide anion radical content of the bacterial cells increased significantly following exposure to the extract. In a similar vein, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased significantly, while the level of reduced glutathione reduced, malondialdehyde increased significantly in bacterial cells exposed to the extract. The extract at MBC also enhanced the leakage of 260 nm absorbing materials and outer membrane permeability. It is evident from the data generated from this study that aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum seeds enhanced membrane permeability and oxidative stress in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
•Syzygium aromaticum seed induced oxidative stress in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.•Syzygium aromaticum seed enhanced membrane peroxidation in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.•Syzygium aromaticum seed promote release of cytoplasmic constituents of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.•Syzygium aromaticum seed depletes cellular glutathione level in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) concluded that there is substantial evidence that use of e-cigarettes increases the risk of smoking cigarettes among youth and ...young adults who have not smoked combustible cigarettes compared with those who never used e-cigarettes, and furthermore, that there is insufficient evidence for the use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and limited data on their oral health effects (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 2018). Flavors are one of the most common reasons why youth try e-cigarettes, which come in mint, candy, and fruit flavors (Tsai et al. 2018). Since the conference, the FDA has issued a guidance that prioritizes for enforcement actions most flavored e-cigarettes sold in person at all-age venues or online without third-party age verification as well as flavored cigars to discourage flavored e-cigarette users from switching to flavored cigars (Food and Drug Administration 2019). According to the 2012 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, dental interventions significantly increased the odds of long-term tobacco abstinence among dental patients (odds ratio 1.71; 95% CI, 1.44 to 2.03; Carr and Ebbert 2012). According to the 2015 National Health Interview Study, only 13.4% of current smokers received advice from a dentist (vs. 94.5% from a physician; Gordon and Merianos 2018).
The involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan mediated bacterial cell death was investigated in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus ...aureus. Time kill assay resulted in significant decrease in the optical density and colony-forming unit (CFU) of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The level of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide increased significantly in concentration dependent when compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treated bacteria. Similar concentration dependent increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were recorded. The non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione decreased significantly with a concomitant increase in glutathione disulfide. The level of malondialdehyde and fragmented DNA increased significantly in the bacterial cells treated with 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan when compared with DMSO treated cells. The CFU of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus following exposure to 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the presence of 2,2′ bipyridyl, an Fe chelator, significantly when compared with only 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan suggesting the involvement of hydroxyl radical in the cell death. The available data from this study showed that 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan induced oxidative stress in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus as evident from elevated levels of superoxide anion radical nitric oxides and antioxidant enzymes.
•2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan enhanced superoxide anion generation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan enhanced nitric oxide generation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan enhanced hydroxyl radical generation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan induced oxidative stress in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.
The design and evaluation of national HIV programs often rely on aggregated national data, which may obscure localized HIV epidemics. In Ethiopia, even though the national adult HIV prevalence has ...decreased, little information is available about local areas and subpopulations. To inform HIV prevention efforts for specific populations, we identified geographic locations and drivers of HIV transmission. We used data from adults aged 15–64 years who participated in the Ethiopian Population-based HIV Impact Assessment survey (October 2017–April 2018). Location-related information for the survey clusters was obtained from the 2007 Ethiopia population census. Spatial autocorrelation of HIV prevalence data were analyzed via a Global Moran’s I test. Geographically weighted regression analysis was used to show the relationship of covariates. The finding indicated that uncircumcised men in certain hotspot towns and divorced or widowed individuals in hotspot woredas/towns might have contributed to the average increase in HIV prevalence in the hotspot areas. Hotspot analysis findings indicated that, localized, context-specific intervention efforts tailored to at-risk populations, such as divorced or widowed women or uncircumcised men, could decrease HIV transmission and prevalence in urban Ethiopia.
Abstract
This study investigated the constituent elements present in three
Bracharia
grasses and milk samples from the Bowen Dairy cows.
Bracharia
grasses and milk samples were subjected to Atomic ...Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for determination of K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Cd and Cu, and
in vitro
antioxidant activities. Levels of K, Ca and Na in both fresh and sterilized milk were also comparable to the RDA. No levels of Cd and Cu were determined all samples. The level of Mn in fresh milk was 0.80 ± 0003 ppm, but was not determined in sterilized milk. The AAS result shows that the levels of K, Ca and Na in
Brachiaria sabia
methanol extract (BSME),
Bracharia gayana
methanol extract (BGME) and
Bracharia maradu
methanol extract (BMME) were lower than the RDA value. However, Cd and Cu were not determined in the three samples, except in BMME. The fresh and sterilized milk samples had better antioxidant potentials compared to quercetin standard. This study indicates that the
Bracharia
grasses and milk samples from Bowen University Dairy Farm are rich in K and Fe. In addition, both fresh and sterilized milk samples possess strong
in vitro
antioxidant capacity.
The pedogenic horizons of nine profile pits dug across three toposequences were studied to determine the soil mineralogical characteristics and its implications on sustainable management of the ...fertility of some tropical Alfisols in Nigeria. Results showed that the epipedon which were predominantly ochric had textures that ranged from sand to sandy loam, while the subsurface (B/Bt) horizons had sandy clay loam to sandy clay texture and were gravelly (31.79-83.04%). The soil reaction ranged from strongly acid to neutral (pH 5.10 to 7.05). Calcium and magnesium dominated the exchange sites and accounted for about 75% of the exchangeable bases. Illite/mica and kaolinite were the dominant minerals in the clay fractions, while quartz, mica, and feldspars dominated the fine sand and silt fractions of the soils. While the presence of illite and mica could be important for potassium nutrition in these soils, kaolinite and oxides of iron could also cause phosphorus fixation.
The contribution of reactive oxygen species to (+)-catechin-mediated bacterial lethality was investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ...(+)-catechin against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were investigated using 96-well microtitre plate. MIC and MBC of (+)-catechin against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are 600 and 700; 600 and 800; 600 and 800 μg/mL respectively. The optical densities and colony forming units of (+)-catechin-treated bacteria decreased. (+)-Catechin (4× MIC) significantly increased the superoxide anion content of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus compared to DMSO. Superoxide dismutase and catalase in (+)-catechin treated E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus increased significantly. Conversely, level of reduced glutathione in (+)-catechin-treated E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus decreased significantly while glutathione disulfide increased significantly. Furthermore, malondialdehyde and fragmented DNA increased significantly following exposure to (+)-catechin. From the above findings, (+)-catechin enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical) in E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, possibly by autoxidation, Fenton chemistry and inhibiting electron transport chain resulting into lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation and consequentially bacterial cell death.
•(+)-Catechin perturbs redox status of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•(+)-Catechin promotes oxidant generation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•(+)-Catechin depletes cellular glutathione level in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus.•(+)-Catechin bound DNA gyrase and penicillin binding protein.
Executive Summary Polverini 2017 The Impact of Research on the Future of Dental Education: How Research and Innovation Shape Dental Education and the Dental Profession Slavkin 2017 How Research ...Training Will Shape the Future of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research D’Souza 2017 The Future of Dental Schools in Research Universities and Academic Health Centers McCauley 2017 Oral Health Care in the Future: Expansion of the Scope of Dental Practice to Improve Health Lamster and Myers-Wright 2017 Research and Discovery Science and the Future of Dental Education and Practice Polverini and Krebsbach 2017 The overall goals of the project are to critically assess the current state of oral health professionals’ education and practice in the United States; identify important trends that will shape the future of dental education and practice over the coming 25 years; develop practical strategies for restructuring dental education to address long-range challenges, including those related to finances, research, diversity, and access disparities; and prepare a long-term strategic plan for implementing the changes needed in dental education. The project also aims to identify sustainable economic models that will provide dental schools with necessary resources to meet their interrelated missions of education, research, and service; recommend ways to strengthen the science-based clinical education programs of dental students and residents; and develop plans for closer integration of dental schools with other academic health center units so as to produce more effective and efficient education, research, and clinical programs. Women scientists remain underrepresented in leadership positions in dental education and research. ...there is a dearth of underrepresented minority scientists in biomedical research at all levels of the research workforce. While dental schools should continue to aggressively compete for funding from NIDCR, their research portfolio should also expand to other NIH institutes, other federal agencies (e.g., National Science Foundation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense), foundations, and industry.
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