This paper outlines the design and the implementation of a planar microwave resonator sensor for sensing application using the perturbation concept in which the dielectric characteristics of the ...resonator influence the quality factor (QF) and the resonance frequency. The designed sensor is fabricated using Roger 5880, and it is operating at 2.27 GHz in ranges of 1-3 GHz for testing solid materials. In addition, applying a specific experimental methodology, practical material is used as material samples such as those in Roger 5880, Roger 4350, and FR4. To investigate the microwave resonator sensor performance, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) is introduced. The proposed sensor has achieved a narrow bandwidth and high QF value of 240 at an operating frequency of 2.27GHz. Besides, the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor is more than 80%, which makes this sensor an excellent solution to characterize the material, especially in discovering the material characteristics and quality.
Computation of the broadband antenna impedance behavior requires the wideband lumped equivalent circuit. This work aims to provide a comprehensive study of broadband antenna equivalent circuit models ...over broad frequency ranges for Internet of Things (IoT) applications using multiple approaches. The first approach is a Foster approximation, which is based on the antenna-simulated scattering parameters and impedance data. The second concerns a vector-fitting fitting approximation, which is based on the antenna-simulated impedance/admittance data. The studied antenna is modeled based on the radiating element’s geometry and the multifractal slots, in addition to the DGS (Defected Ground Plane) effects. Applying these techniques, wideband lumped equivalent circuits of the antenna have been computed which are in good agreement with measurement data. These models could be useful for the enhancement of the performance of a broadband antenna and its systematic design as well as offering the advantage of saving computation time for full-wave simulations and facilitating the solution of problems that have both an electromagnetic part as well as a circuit part. For further analysis, the Gaussian pulse has been generated to drive a time-domain analysis of the current and power response waveforms antenna behavior under load.
A new design of teeth gear-circular substrate integrated waveguide (TG-CSIW) sensor to extract complex permittivity of liquids is suggested in this study. The proposed sensor size is decreased up to ...20% after the Angle Between Input and Output Ports (ABIOP) was introduced. As the outcome, there was a very excellent quality factor of 700 unloaded. The sensor operated at 2.45GHz resonant frequency, and it is progressively designed by the ANSYS program HFSS. The sensor's simulated response was evaluated by different permittivity of liquid under test (LUT) with an amount of 0.11mL aqueous. A strong correlation is obtained between the simulated and experimental findings of complex permittivity of LUTs with a minimal error of less than 0.4%. In addition, the modelled sensor was employed to estimate the complex permittivity of unknown specimens. It has contributed to a miniaturized, low-cost, secure, non-contact, fast-detection system utilizing limited liquid volumes filled into Polypropylene tubes. The proposed sensor is practically useful for food or beverage products, fluids/tissues of organic and natural herbs industry applications.
To tackle the challenge of keeping 5G mobile devices compact while supporting millimeter-wave bands, we've created an ultra-compact 4-port dual-band MIMO antenna with a defected ground structure ...(DGS). This design minimizes mutual coupling and covers a broad frequency range. Built on a Rogers TMM4 substrate with dimensions of 17.76×17.76 mm
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, the antenna includes four planar patch antennas positioned perpendicularly at the corners. Each antenna operates at 28/38 GHz and features a rectangular patch with four rectangular slots and a full ground plane. The patches are separated by 0.5 λo, with the DGS further reducing mutual coupling. Both simulations and measurements indicate a significant reduction in mutual coupling (−39 to −60 dB), improving ECC, TARC, MEG, and DG. Time-domain and SAR analyses confirm the antenna's efficiency and its suitability for 5G devices.
This academic paper introduces a novel sensor known as the Planar Microstrip-based Triple Ring Bridge Complementary Split Ring Resonator (TRB-CSRR) sensor. The main objective of this sensor is to ...determine the permittivity and thickness of solid dielectric substances. The TRB-CSRR sensor is meticulously designed to resonate precisely at a frequency of 4.86 GHz, achieving a significant notch depth of −33.5 dB. This configuration displays an enhanced average relative sensitivity of 20.2%. The study undertakes numerical assessments across various scenarios, encompassing situations where the sensor interacts with diverse dielectric materials. These assessments yield insights into alterations in resonant frequencies. By meticulously refining the design, the sensor's capability to confine electric fields precisely at the resonant frequency is amplified, ultimately resulting in heightened sensitivity towards dielectric characteristics. The sensor's efficacy is tested using materials featuring relative permittivity values spanning from 1.006 to 12.9, while consistently adhering to dimensions of 5 mm×5 mm×1.6 mm. To validate the conceptual frame-work, a physical sensor is fabricated, and its response is gauged through the utilization of a vector network analyzer (VNA-AV3672D). Employing curve fitting methodologies, alterations in resonance frequencies due to interactions with the tested materials are presented, underscoring the impact of permittivity and thickness. The outcomes derived from simulations, empirical measurements, and calculations display a robust alignment.
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•A novel sensor, the Planar Microstrip Triple Ring Bridge CSRR (TRB-CSRR), has been designed and fabricated.•The primary goal of the TRB-CSRR sensor is to ascertain the permittivity and thickness of solid dielectric substances.•The designed sensor exhibits higher sensitivity compared to state-of-the-art designs in the literature.
The radiation power in the endfire is decreased while the main beam of half substrate integrated waveguide scan from broadside to endfire in a forward. The design of half-width microstrip leaky-wave ...antenna (HW-MLWA) has been presented in this work to increase the power radiation near endfire by using the slots technique in the radiation element. This slot leads to a decrease the cross-polarization. The proposed design comprises one element of HW-MLWA with repeated meandered square slots in the radiation element. One aspect of this antenna is generated by using a half substrate integrated waveguide with a full tapered feed line. The proposed antenna was terminated by load of 50 Ω, and feed on the other end of the antenna. Finally, the suggested design is simulated and acceptable results were found. The released gain is increased from 10.6 dBi to 12 dBi at 4.3 GHz. This design is suitable for unmanned aerial vehicle UAVs at C band application.
Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is widely used for different wireless communications such as WiMAX and fifth generation (5G). In this paper, a wideband, highly efficient, omnidirectional, compact ...novel patch antenna has been designed and reported for WiMAX/lower 5G communications. The proposed compact MPA is made on Rogers RT 5880 (ɛr=2.2 and tan δ=0.0009). The physical volume of the MPA is compact (32×32×0.79 mm3). The MPA consists of seven small square-shaped elements that are diagonally connected with each other. The 7-element antenna works at 3.592 GHz with a suitable reflection coefficient of -46.78 dB and a -10 dB bandwidth (BW) of 1.40 GHz, covering 3.10-4.50 GHz. The apex gain (G) and the directivity (D) of the designed prototype are 3.90 dB and 4.20 dBi, respectively. The antenna maintains a high efficiency of 94-98% over the 3.10-4.50 GHz operating range. The VSWR of the antenna is close to unity, which is 1.0092 at 3.592 GHz. Initially, CST is used to design the antenna, and then, all the properties have been buttressed by using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Finally, a prototype of the compact 7-element antenna has been developed and measured. Owing to getting good results for the intended applications, the presented compact antenna can be a reliable candidate for WiMAX (3.4-3.6 GHz) and lower 5G (3.3-4.2 GHz).
Copper was formerly used for the antenna conductive patch, which was expensive, subject to multipath fading, bulky, ecologically sensitive, and difficult to manufacture. The miraculous nanotechnology ...of graphene has made it a feasible contender to replace copper due to its extraordinary electrical conductivity and greater strength compared to metal, all while being adaptable and flexible. As a consequence, graphene is utilized in this study to create conductive silver nanocomposites. The electrical conductivity of pressed pellets of the silver-graphene (Ag/GO) sample is measured using the four-point probe method, resulting in an electrical conductivity value of approximately 21.386 S/cm. The proposed wearable antenna is designed, measured, and fabricated, consisting of a circular patch embedded with four slots to enhance the impedance bandwidth, resonating at 2.45 GHz. Besides, the wearable antenna has achieved a high gain of 11.78 dBi and a return loss of more than −20 dB. In consideration of health and safety concerns in wearable devices, the specific absorption rate (SAR) is evaluated. The SAR is determined to be 0.9 W/kg per 10 g of tissue for an input power of 0.5 W, confirming the safety of the proposed graphene wearable antenna for use in wearable devices. These findings suggest promising prospects for the utilization of Ag/GO nanocomposites as a conductive patch for wearable antennas in wireless communication.
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