The authors introduced waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) as an alternative fuel characterized in detail and compared with conventional diesel. High density polyethylene, HDPE, was pyrolyzed in a ...self-designed stainless steel laboratory reactor to produce useful fuel products. HDPE waste was completely pyrolyzed at 330–490°C for 2-3 hours to obtain solid residue, liquid fuel oil, and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon products. Comparison of the fuel properties to the petrodiesel fuel standards ASTM D 975 and EN 590 revealed that the synthetic product was within all specifications. Notably, the fuel properties included a kinematic viscosity (40°C) of 1.98 cSt, density of 0.75 gm/cc, sulphur content of 0.25 (wt%), and carbon residue of 0.5 (wt%), and high calorific value represented significant enhancements over those of conventional petroleum diesel fuel.
An electrochemical sensor based on molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) to detect ceftizoxime (CFX) with high sensitivity and selectivity is demonstrated. MIP was synthesized by electropolymerization of ...poly-cysteine (P-Cys) on a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A targeted drug was used as a template molecule during the polymerization process. The bare GCE was coated with a layer of MWCNT before the synthesis of MIP to improve the sensor sensitivity. Experimental parameters such as polymerization conditions, the influence of pH, molar ratio of the template molecules and the monomer molecules were all optimized. The peak potential exhibited linearity with CFX concentration in the ranges of 1
×
10
-
9
–1×
10
-
7
molL
−1
(
R
2
= 0.9904) and 2×
10
-
7
–1×
10
-
4
molL
−1
(
R
2
= 0.9949). The LOD of the MIP sensor was found to be
1
×
10
-
10
molL
−1
under optimal conditions using a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed sensor was tested on real samples, and good recovery results were obtained.
Photocatalytic degradation of dye and phenolic compounds as textile effluent using UV- TiO2 photocatalysis based on color removal.
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•TiO2 is used as a semiconductor photocatalyst in ...presence of UV light.•TiO2 photocatalytic advanced oxidation process is executed by five steps.•Metal and non-metal co-doping on TiO2 can increase photocatlytic performance.•UV- doped TiO2 photocatalysis is able to mineralize toxic dyes and phenolic compounds.
Treatment of textile wastewater using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis has been started from the last decade and reached attention to the researchers because of its versatile application. The variety of applications of TiO2 as a photocatalyst has been taken place because of low operating temperature, biologically inert nature, low energy consumption, water insolubility, ease availability and photoactivity, less toxicity, high chemical stability, suitable flat band potential, narrow band gap and environmentally benign. The successful and efficient application of photocatalysis depends on quality of photocatalyst, nature of pollutants, and source of light, which should be in close contact with each other. The TiO2 photocatalyst is used for the effluent treatment of textile wastewater in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Heterogeneous UV-TiO2 photocatalysis is capable to remove organic pollutants from textile wastewater, which has been widely studied and the technology also being commercialized in many developing countries in the world. This review focuses on the mechanism of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis, modification of TiO2 photocatalyst, and application of doping and co-doping in order to improve the photocatalytic activity in wastewater treatment. In addition, the review conveys comprehensive and fundamental assessments of the photocatalytic activity for the removal of organic dyes and phenolic compounds from textile wastewater.
Cancer is the most frequent life-threatening disease which has the highest mortality rate throughout the world. Diagnosis of cancer at the early stage can plays a critical role for its effective and ...successful treatment. Traditional diagnostic methods for cancer screening are costly, time-consuming, and not practical for repeated screenings. However, a biomarker-based cancer diagnosis is emerging as one of the most promising strategies for early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and subsequent cancer treatment. This review describes the recent advances and improvements in the electrochemical biosensors designed for detecting various cancer biomarkers using different signal transduction techniques and biological recognition strategies.
•Electrochemical biosensor helps to early diagnosis of cancer biomarkers.•Different electrochemical transduction system strategies are well explained.•More than 75 recent research articles on biosensors for cancer biomarker detection have been reviewed.•The advantages and future perspectives of each biosensor are highlighted.
This study was conducted to monitor the spread of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) in soil and ...water to regions surrounding a closed DDT factory in Bangladesh. This fulfillment was accomplished using inter-method and inter-laboratory validation studies. DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) from soil samples were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and solvent extraction (SE). Inter-laboratory calibration was assessed by SE, and all methods were validated by intra- and inter-day accuracy (expressed as recovery %) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD)) in the same laboratory, at three fortified concentrations (n = 4). DDTs extracted from water samples by liquid-liquid partitioning and all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-electron capture detector (ECD) and confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Linearities expressed as determination coefficients (R ²) were ≥0.995 for matrix-matched calibrations. The recovery rate was in the range of 72–120 and 83–110 %, with <15 % RSD in soil and water, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0165 mg kg⁻¹ in soil and 0.132 μg L⁻¹ in water. Greater quantities of DDTs were extracted from soil using the MAE and SE techniques than with the SFE method. Higher amounts of DDTs were discovered in the southern (2.2–936 × 10² mg kg⁻¹) or southwestern (86.3–2067 × 10² mg kg⁻¹) direction from the factory than in the eastern direction (1.0–48.6 × 10² mg kg⁻¹). An exception was the soil sample collected 50 ft (15.24 m) east (2904 × 10² mg kg⁻¹) of the factory. The spread of DDTs in the water bodies (0.59–3.01 μg L⁻¹) was approximately equal in all directions. We concluded that DDTs might have been dumped randomly around the warehouse after the closing of the factory.
In this research work, we propose macronutrients incorporated slow-release based nano-fertilizer using nanozeolite as a carrier. A simple chemical approach was used to synthesis the proposed ...nanozeolite composite fertilizer (NZCF). To gain an insight into the properties, morphology and structure of the synthesized NZCF, it was further characterized by different techniques such as powder XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TG/DTA. A considerable enhancement of the quality and the water retention capacity of the soil was observed as a result of applying the proposed NZCF when compared with a commercial fertilizer. Furthermore, the swelling ratio and the equilibrium water content of NZCF were compared to the commercial fertilizer and their effect on plant growth was observed. Slow-release studies were carried out for both NZCF and the commercial fertilizer. The results of these studies reveled that NZCF possessed a long-term release pattern of the macronutrients and that showed a great potential for promoting plant growth. Hence, the prepared nanocomposite fertilizer can be safely used as an environment-friendly source of nutrients to enhance plant growth.
Nanozeolite; Nanoparticles; Micro-nutrients; Nano-fertilizer; Sustainable release.
There is a wide range of feed additives deliberately designed to be used in sheep diets that can improve production performance. Whereas herbal supplementation is gaining popularity not only for ...improving sheep productivity and mutton quality but also for safe application without any harmful residual effects. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and/or garlic leaf (Allium sativum) dietary supplementation on growth performance, immunity, rumen histology, serum antioxidants and meat quality of sheep. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with 32 one-year-old sheep (initial mean live weight 9 ± 0.2 kg) allocated to four groups (8 sheep per group). Rice straw and concentrates-based total mixed ration pellets (2390 kcal/kg DM, CP = 15.1%) were offered as a control diet (CL diet). Herbal treatment diets included (i) CL diet + 10 g DM of plantain herb (PL diet), (ii) CL diet + 10 g DM of garlic leaf (GL diet) and (iii) CL diet + 5 g DM of PL and 5 g DM of GL (PG diet). Compared with the CL diet group, the live weight gain and feed conversion ratio were 18% to 26% and 13% to 20% higher in herbal-supplemented groups, respectively. Moreover, the herbal-supplemented groups, especially the PL diet group had higher serum immunoglobulin concentration, antioxidant capacity and rumen papillae size compared to the control. Besides, the lowest caul fat and pelvic fat levels were observed in the PL diet group followed by PG, GL and CL diet groups. In addition, lower mutton ether extract and saturated fatty acid along with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were found in all herbal-supplemented groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PL and/or GL might be used as an alternative in sheep to promote growth, health status and lean mutton production.
Here we introduce a composite material that consists of graphene oxide (GO) sheets crosslinked with
-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and functionalized with gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). Furthermore, a screen ...printed electrode (SPE) modified with the introduced composite is electrochemically reduced to obtain an SPE/rGO-NHS-AuNFs electrode for sensitive and selective determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic drug. The morphological structure of the as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor demonstrated excellent performance with a linear concentration range of 0.05 to 100 μM and a detection limit of 1 nM. The proposed electrode offers a high level of selectivity, stability, reproducibility and a satisfactory recovery rate for electrochemical detection of CAP in real samples such as blood serum, poultry feed, milk, eggs, honey and powdered milk samples. This further demonstrates the practical feasibility of the proposed sensor in food analysis.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method and functionalized successfully through a two-step procedure, namely sonication and acid reflux. ...Functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (FMWCNT) were decorated with crystalline nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CNF) by the two different routes of hydrothermal method to form CNF@FMWCNT nanocomposite. The nanocomposites with different weight ratios of CNF and FMWCNT were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra analyzer (FTIR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and physical property measurement system. The XRD patterns revealed the formation of the cubic phase spinel structure of CNF with the optimized 1:1 weight ratio composite with a crystallite size of 11.55 nm, accordingly the Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis. TEM confirmed the functionalization of FMWCNT, crystallinity of CNF and better adhesion between ferrite and FMWCNT in FCI11 composite than FCS11. FTIR study confirmed the presence of functional groups in as-synthesized samples. The study of the Raman spectra provided useful information about the quality of MWCNT and its degree of functionalization, and the quality of nanocomposites. TGA study revealed that different nanocomposites were found to have dissimilar thermal stability depending on the different synthesis routes. The magnetic study showed CNF@FMWCNT nanocomposite of 1:1 weight percent composition, produced by in-situ growth method, obtained significant magnetization features among all the samples. Nanocomposites prepared by the in-situ growth method show improved characteristics than the separate addition technique.
This paper measures the adhesion/cohesion force among asphalt molecules at nanoscale level using an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and models the moisture damage by applying state-of-the-art ...Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques (e.g., artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)). Various combinations of lime and chemicals as well as dry and wet environments are used to produce different asphalt samples. The parameters that were varied to generate different asphalt samples and measure the corresponding adhesion/cohesion forces are percentage of antistripping agents (e.g., Lime and Unichem), AFM tips K values, and AFM tip types. The CI methods are trained to model the adhesion/cohesion forces given the variation in values of the above parameters. To achieve enhanced performance, the statistical methods such as average, weighted average, and regression of the outputs generated by the CI techniques are used. The experimental results show that, of the three individual CI methods, ANN can model moisture damage to lime- and chemically modified asphalt better than the other two CI techniques for both wet and dry conditions. Moreover, the ensemble of CI along with statistical measurement provides better accuracy than any of the individual CI techniques.
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