After a century of relative stability in the electricity industry, extensive deployment of distributed energy resources and recent advances in computation and communication technologies have changed ...the nature of how we consume, trade, and apply energy. The power system is facing a transition from its traditional hierarchical structure to a more decentralized model by introducing new energy distribution models such as peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing for connected communities. The proven effectiveness of P2P sharing in benefiting both prosumers and the grid has been demonstrated in many studies and pilot projects. However, there is still no extensive implementation of such sharing models in today’s electricity markets. This paper aims to shed some light on this gap through a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the P2P energy system and an insightful discussion of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to establish P2P sharing as a viable energy management option in today’s electricity market. To this end, in this article, we provide some background on different aspects of P2P sharing. Then, we discuss advances in P2P sharing through a systematic domain-based classification. We also review different pilot projects on P2P sharing across the globe. Finally, we identify and discuss a number of challenges that need to be addressed for scaling up P2P sharing in electricity markets followed by concluding remarks at the end of the paper.
•A comprehensive review of existing research in the peer-to-peer energy system is provided.•A domain-based classification is proposed for existing studies.•An overview of existing pilot projects on peer-to-peer trading is presented.•Key challenges that are yet to be addressed are identified.
We have used second-order relativistic hydrodynamics equipped with an equation of state which includes the critical point to study the propagation of a perturbation in a relativistic QCD fluid. The ...dispersion relation for the sound wave has been derived to ascertain the fate of the perturbation in the fluid near the QCD critical end point (CEP). We observe that the threshold value of the wavelength of the sound in the fluid diverges at the CEP, implying that all the modes of the perturbation are dissipated at this point. Some consequences of the suppression of sound near the critical point have been discussed.
The dynamical correlation of density fluctuation in quark gluon plasma with a critical end point has been investigated within the scope of the Müller–Israel–Stewart theory in the presence of static ...ultra-high external magnetic field. The dynamic structure factor of the density fluctuation exhibits three Lorentzian peaks in absence of external magnetic field – a central Rayleigh peak and two Brillouin peaks situated symmetrically on the opposite sides of the Rayleigh peak. The spectral structure displays five peaks in presence of the magnetic field due to the coupling of the magnetic field with the hydrodynamic fields in second-order hydrodynamics. The emergence of the extra peaks is due to the asymmetry in the pressure gradient caused by the external magnetic field in the system. Interestingly, it is observed that near the critical end point, all the Brillouin peaks disappear irrespective of the presence or absence of the external magnetic field.
The effects of the non-extensive statistics on the nonlinear propagation of perturbations have been studied within the scope of relativistic second order dissipative hydrodynamics with non-extensive ...equation of state. We have shown that the equations, describing the propagation of nonlinear waves under such situation admit solutions similar to that of KdV-type (Korteweg–De Vries) equations. Apart from their preserved solitonic behaviour the dissipative nature of these waves are also observed. The waves with larger amplitude and width dissipate less and propagate faster and these waves deplete more for both smaller values of Tsallis parameter (
q
) and temperature (
T
) of the medium. For vanishingly small transport coefficients the nonlinear waves show breaking nature. These findings suggest that the nature of the propagation of the nonlinear waves may serve as a good probe to differentiate between the extensive and non-extensive thermodynamic nature of a fluid, such as the quark-gluon plasma, produced in relativistic nuclear collisions.
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are forecasted to play a vital role in the future grid system, which is complex but incredibly important for energy supply in the modern era. Currently, Li-ion ...batteries are the most widely deployed BESS for a wide range of grid services but need substantial understanding and improvement for effective market creation. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status and challenges of Li-ion battery energy storage systems for grid application from various aspects based on real-world projects.
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•Battery energy storage accounts for only 1% of total energy storage used today.•Li-ion batteries account for 78% of BESS in operation.•The major applications of Li-ion BESS are frequency regulation and peak shaving.•The major degradation mechanism of Li-ion batteries is due to SEI layer growth.•Code and Standard development for ESS takes 3–6 years.
The impact of the QCD critical point on the propagation of nonlinear waves has been studied. The effects have been investigated within the scope of second-order causal dissipative hydrodynamics by ...incorporating the critical point into the equation of state, and the scaling behavior of transport coefficients and of thermodynamic response functions. Near the critical point, the nonlinear waves are found to be significantly damped which may result in the disappearance of the Mach cone effects of the away side jet. Such damping may lead to enhancement in the fluctuations of elliptic and higher flow coefficients. Therefore, the disappearance of Mach cone effects and the enhancement of fluctuations in flow harmonics in the event-by-event analysis may be considered as signals of the critical endpoint.
The expression for the dynamical spectral structure of the density fluctuation near the QCD critical point has been derived using linear response theory within the purview of Israel–Stewart ...relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. The change in the spectral structure of the system as it approaches the critical point has been studied. The effects of the critical point have been introduced in the system through a realistic equation of state and the scaling behaviour of various transport coefficients and thermodynamic response functions. We have found that the Rayleigh and Brillouin peaks are distinctly visible when the system is away from the critical point but the peaks tend to merge near the critical point. The sensitivity of the structure of the spectral function on wave vector (
k
) of the sound wave has been demonstrated. It has been shown that the Brillouin peaks get merged with the Rayleigh peak because of the absorption of sound waves in the vicinity of the critical point.
•Temporal characterization of marine energy resources, at varying time scales.•Characterized wave, tidal, and ocean currents, and compared to wind and solar.•Data based exposition of grid benefits ...for wave power at high renewable scenarios.•Data based exposition of higher capacity adequacy and stability for wave power.•Detailed discussion on market implications of grid integration of marine energy.
In this paper, the applicability of marine renewable energy (MRE) for potential grid applications is presented. We show that many of the unique value streams from marine-based electricity generation resources stem from their inherent temporal characteristics, especially when compared to wind and solar. Specifically, in this work, we evaluate the timing value for three types of MRE resources: (a) tidal, (b) wave, and (c) ocean currents. First, through a suite of novel metrics, such as resource availability, persistence, and versatility, we evaluate the temporal value characteristics of these resources. Second, through a more grid-oriented numerical study, we comment on the potential ramifications of those temporal characteristics in context of energy balancing and effective load carrying capability for one marine-based resource i.e., wave. Finally, we further our understanding of the relative advantages that may be leveraged by operating wave-based generation in tandem with more established renewable resources, such as wind and solar. Our results indicate that compared to wind and solar, MRE resources are consistently more available and persistent on an hourly level throughout an entire year of operation. In addition, wave resources are also seen to reduce the balancing requirements within the power system. Our work focuses on sites specific to the United States (US) and a parallel study for a location in Great Britain (GB). Results are found to be consistent for sites in both the US and GB, implying that the grid benefits discussed in this work could apply to a number of locations globally.
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