Toponyms are a complex system, the semantic and structural features of which reflect the cultural and historical peculiarities of the nation. The toponyms of Norfolk Island stand out from other ...toponyms of the English language due to the isolated geographical location of the island and its violent history. This article discusses in detail the extralinguistic factors that determine the semantic features of geographical names of Norfolk Island. The historical factors that influenced the creation of a significant number of place names include the fact that the settlement of Norfolk Island was founded as a British penal colony. Other factors include political and economic dependence on the UK, and later on Australia. It is noted that the most important among such factors is the motivation of the residents who inhabited Norfolk Island after its discovery by Captain J. Cook. The historical factors we are considering influence the formation of certain connotations of the toponyms of Norfolk Island and Australia. The article proposes a structural and semantic classification of toponyms of Australia and Oceania. The criteria that served as the basis for describing the classification include the presence of positive or negative stylistic coloring. It is noted that some names change their stylistic coloring. This phenomenon is an example of historical rehabilitation. Among the most common anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of toponyms, we have identified the influence of historical figures on the development of the island and the difficult living conditions of the first settlers. Such factors determine the choice of a toponym and are reflected in the presence or absence of its stylistic coloring.
This article assesses the role of geographical and social factors that influenced the toponyms currently officially fixed on the maps of Australia and Oceania. It is noted that the fundamental reason ...for naming the toponyms of Australia and Oceania is the desire of speakers of different languages to leave a memory of themselves on geographical maps. The names of the largest number of Australian place names were given by the first settlers — navigators and discoverers. A significant number of them are English geographical names. Among the least common extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of toponyms, the names of vital objects by natives stand out. The instability of such toponyms in the language is noted. Such toponyms are mostly descriptive. Due to the wide field for research activities, a unified universal classification of toponyms has not yet been developed. The article analyzes the classifications of toponyms existing in linguistics and proposes its own classification of toponyms based on practical material from the geographical names of Australia and Oceania. The main criteria for highlighting the structural elements of the classification is the presence or absence of word-formation elements, many of which are typical for the sphere of toponymy. A large group is formed by phrases, which the authors of the article subdivide depending on the number of components. Particular attention is paid to the use of the article as part of the toponym, as well as graphic signs. The classification presented by the authors of the article also makes it possible to judge that the toponyms of Australia and Oceania are part of the lexical system of the general literary language.
The research was aimed to compare the soil fungal communities of the Black Sea north and south coasts and to evaluate the toxicity of fungi isolated in these areas. General toxicity of the fungi ...identified was evaluated by
P. caudatum
bioassay and skin test bioassay on rabbits. There is no significant difference in the total fungal counts in soil samples taken in the Black Sea north and south coasts, being 3.18–3.50 CFU*10
3
g
−1
dry soil. Cultures of the fungi genera such as
Aspergillus
,
Penicillium
,
Fusarium
,
Mucor
,
Rhodotorula
, and
Trichoderma
were isolated using methods of mycology. Soil fungal isolated from north coast samples were found to be nontoxic (79.2–81.2% of paramecia survived) in
P. caudatum
biotesting, while those isolated from south coast ones being slightly toxic (65.6–69.4%) (
p
< 0.05). Some fungal isolates from north coast samples also had no toxic effect on the
Paramecia
. Three fungal isolates from the south coast were slightly toxic, with the survival rate of test organisms being 55.33–62.67%. Only one isolate of the species
A. flavus
,
A. fumigatus
, and
F. sporotrichioides
each was found to have a toxic effect in the
Paramecia
. The toxicity of these fungal isolates was confirmed with a rabbit bioassay. The results obtained give evidence to grade 1 toxicity in 24 h after applying the suspension prepared from the mycelial mat of
A. flavus
and
F. sporotrichioides
isolated from the south coast. The rabbit skin test bioassay demonstrated also the
A. fumigatus
isolate from the south coast having grade 2 toxicity.
