An X-ray diffraction technique for the study of imperfect crystals of natural graphite and its fluorinated products is proposed. The diffraction patterns measured are free from the preferred ...orientation effect and provide the simulation based on a 1D disordered crystal.
New oligomeric analogues of poly(sulfur nitride), i.e. 3‐ClC6R4–X–N=S=N–X–C6R4Cl‐3 (5–8; R = H, F and X = S, Se), were synthesized and structurally characterized in the solid state by single‐crystal ...XRD, in solution by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and in the gas phase with DFT/B3LYP calculations. In the crystal, compounds 5–7 display the well‐known Z,Z configuration, whereas 8 (R = F, X = Se) is the first compound to display the E,Z configuration amongst twelve structurally defined Ar–X–N=S=N–X–Ar (X = S, Se) derivatives in the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon series. Through a careful analysis of the packing schemes and the intermolecular interactions of the various compounds, an explanation of the abnormal behaviour of 8 is put forward.
The unique E,Z configuration of the title compounds in the crystal is observed for Ar = 3‐ClC6F4 and X = Se – in the presence of eleven Z,Z configurations found by XRD for various Ar and X groups in the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon series – and explained by specific intermolecular Se···Cl and F···Cl interactions. (Colour code: grey – C, green – Cl, light green – F, blue– N, orange – S, magenta – Se.)
Humans utilise about 40% of the earth¿s net primary production (NPP) but the products of this NPP are often managed by different sectors, with timber and forest products managed by the forestry ...sector and food and fibre products from croplands and grasslands managed by the agricultural sector. Other significant anthropogenic impacts on the global carbon cycle include human utilization of fossil fuels and impacts on less intensively managed systems such as peatlands, wetlands and permafrost. A great deal of knowledge, expertise and data is available within each sector. We describe the contribution of sectoral carbon budgets to our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Whilst many sectors exhibit similarities for carbon budgeting, some key differences arise due to differences in goods and services provided, ecology, management practices used, land-management personnel responsible, policies affecting land management, data types and availability, and the drivers of change. We review the methods and data sources available for assessing sectoral carbon budgets, and describe some of key data limitations and uncertainties for each sector in different regions of the world. We identify the main gaps in our knowledge/data, show that coverage is better for the developed world for most sectors, and suggest how sectoral carbon budgets could be improved in the future. Research priorities include the development of shared protocols through site networks, a move to full carbon accounting within sectors, and the assessment of full greenhouse gas budgets
The crystal structure of Co(NH
3
)
6
(WO
4
)Cl complex salt is determined by single crystal X-ray. The thermal properties are examined, and the products obtained on heating the salt in different ...gaseous atmospheres are analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction.
Bi
2Te
3−
x
Se
x
and Bi
2−
y
Sb
y
Te
3 thick films were obtained by a rapid quenching process. A cooling rate of the melt on Ni–Cu substrate was of the order of 10
4–10
6
K/s. The thickness of the ...films varied in the range of 20–200
μm. The thick films obtained were annealed at 573
K for 1
h.
Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrated a monocrystalline structure of the materials obtained at lower cooling rates. Thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of these materials was in the range 1.1–1.3.
The intracellular localization of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) was studied in cell lines with different levels of cell transformation. Immunofluorescence analysis of cell lines with ...differently organized actin cytoskeletons (A431 cells, HeLa cells, mouse hepatoma MH 22A, Zajdela ascitic hepatoma, primary human embryo skin and lung fibroblasts) gave evidence that PLC gamma 1 is colocalized only with cortical actin and not with stress fibers. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that PLC gamma 1 was bound to actin in all cell lines investigated. Further, the nuclei of highly transformed cell lines (A431 cells, HeLa cells, mouse hepatoma MH 22A, rat Zajdela ascitic hepatoma) were labeled with the anti-PLC gamma 1 antibody. In contrast, PLC gamma 1 was not observed in the nuclei of primary human embryo skin or lung fibroblasts. Since PLC gamma 1 exists only in the nuclei of highly transformed cell lines, we propose that the distinctive intracellular localization of PLC gamma 1 in normal and highly transformed cell lines may reflect differences in cell signaling systems and mitogenic cell signal transduction.
Four complex salts with the polyatomic Rh(NH
3
)
6
3+
cation are synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic characteristics of Rh(NH
3
)
6
(WO
4
)Cl are determined and the ...structures of Rh(NH
3
)
6
Cl
3
, Rh(NH
3
)
6
(ReO
4
)
3
·2H
2
O, and Rh(NH
3
)
6
(MoO
4
)Cl·3H
2
O are solved. The features of mutual packing of the fragments are studied.
PDF
