The ATLAS Experiment has upgraded some off-detector readout chains during the 2013–2015 LHC shut down and an additional barrel layer has been inserted as part of the Pixel Detector: the Insertable ...B-Layer (IBL). The Layers 2 and 1 of the ATLAS Pixel Detector have also been upgraded, using the same Back Of Crate (BOC) and ReadOut-Driver (ROD) cards designed for IBL, while maintaining the front-end sensors unchanged. The same IBL BOC and ROD card configuration has been used for the upgrade of the B-Layer and Disks. The entire upgrade of the ATLAS Pixel Detector readout is now finished, after the technical stop in 2018. In parallel with the commissioning of the above Phase-0 upgrade of the current ATLAS Pixel Detector we have designed and fabricated a new readout electronic board, PCIe based, to address the requirements of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase-2 upgrade. This new board features many of the input–output interfaces to address the requirements of the front-end electronics being developed for the future upgrade, in particular to interface with the future pixel detectors and with FELIX readout cards. Preliminary results and tests are presented here.
Round spermatids contain high levels of extremely varied mRNAs that are synthesized either throughout early spermatogenesis or during spermiogenesis from the haploid genome. Concomitantly, with major ...changes in the chromatin organization, arrest of transcription occurs at midspermiogenesis. However, previous investigations using RT–PCR have revealed the persistence of numerous and different transcripts in ejaculated spermatozoa. In the present study, a step-by-step analysis by means of macroarray hybridization, RT–PCR and in situ hybridization was performed to identify more accurately the different mRNA species found in the human ejaculated spermatozoa. The data showed an extended pattern of various transcripts encoding a diverse range of proteins involved in signal transduction and cell proliferation. For the first time, they demonstrated that mRNAs coding for the transcription factors NFκB, HOX2A, ICSBP, protein kinase JNK2, growth factor HBEGF and receptors RXRβ and ErbB3 accumulate within the sperm nucleus. The origin and fate of the sperm transcripts remain subject to discussion.
Abstract The adult neurohypophysis (NH) is a well-established site of CNS plasticity: its glial cells, the pituicytes, reorganize their structure and undergo increased proliferation in response to ...stimulations such as dehydration. However, it remains to be clarified whether the newly-formed cells derive from pituicytes re-entering the cell cycle or from glial precursors or stem cells. Here, we first analyze the expression of several glial markers in the adult rat NH and demonstrate that the pituicytes constitute a heterogeneous population. In particular, we identify a distinct subtype of glial cells expressing the oligodendrocyte precursor marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha ( pdgfrα ). In addition, adult NH explants can give rise to migratory precursors able to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, unlike NH cells in vivo . This led us to hypothesize that the adult NH could contain immature cells, therefore we used a neurosphere-forming assay to test for the presence of stem or progenitor cells. Adult NH cells can generate bipotent primary neurospheres but not secondary ones, suggesting that the structure contains glial progenitors but probably not stem cells. Finally, when the NH is stimulated by dehydration, we observe an increase in cell proliferation associated with an increase in cell death. By identifying the cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or positive for Ki67, we demonstrate that this increased proliferation concerns all glial cell types in the adult NH, including the pdgfrα + cells. Our study shows that the NH is a complex structure composed of multiple glial subtypes, which all participate in the physiological response to dehydration.
Objectives
To evaluate and compare clinical and histological changes after ridge preservation procedures with those of spontaneous healing.
Materials and Methods
Ninety patients were enrolled in the ...present randomized controlled clinical trial and underwent single‐tooth extraction in the premolar/molar areas. Thirty sites were grafted with collagenated cortico‐cancellous (coll), 30 sites with cortical (cort) porcine bone and 30 sites underwent natural healing. Primary (vertical and horizontal bone changes after 3 months) and secondary outcomes (histomorphometric after 3 months) were evaluated at implant placement.
Results
The vertical bone changes at the grafted sockets were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower (0.30 mm for cort group and 0.57 mm for coll group) when compared to non‐grafted sockets (2.10 mm for nat group). Moreover, the width reduction of the coll (0.93 mm) and cort (1.33 mm) groups was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than the non‐grafted group (3.60 mm). The analysis of subgroups attested that when premolar and molar sites were compared, the buccal bone loss appeared to be dependent both on tooth position and grafting material employed.
Conclusion
The ridge preservation procedures had significantly better outcomes when compared to natural healing. The biomaterials did not differ for maintenance of bone width; even though, the bone height seemed to be better preserved with the cortical porcine bone.
Recently the ATLAS Pixel Detector at CERN has been upgraded by inserting an additional layer of pixels, the Insertable B-Layer (IBL). In addition, the off-detector readout electronics of the other ...layers that composed the Pixel Detector (the B-Layer, the Layer 1, the Layer 2 and the Disks) were updated using the IBL readout boards. The system has been updated, one layer at a time, giving priority to the next critical layer as the luminosity and level-1 trigger frequency increased. Hence, after IBL, the first critical layer was the Layer 2, then the Layer 1 and finally the B-Layer and the Disks. Eventually, after the technical stop in 2018 the entire ATLAS Pixel Detector will share the same off-detector readout electronics.
In parallel with the commissioning of the upgrade of the current ATLAS Pixel Detector we have designed and fabricated a new readout electronic board to address the requirements of the LHC Phase-2 upgrade. Two batches of prototypes of a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) Gen. 2 boards have been designed and fabricated, the second being a patched version of the first. The first batch was composed of two boards, called Pixel ReadOut Driver (Pixel_ROD) and the second batch was made of five cards called π-LUP. All the boards feature many of the input–output ports and interfaces to address the requirements of the future front-end electronics being developed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase-2 upgrade. Thus, the current VERSABUS Module Eurocard (VME) bus will be replaced with the PCIe bus to accommodate the huge increase of throughput (data to be transferred to the DAQ). In this new scenario, the GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) and Aurora protocols are compatible with our boards and the GBTx and RD53A chips will be the first components to be interfaced with. Some laboratory results and measurements are presented here.
•Off-detector readout boards define a huge challenge for the LHC Phase-2 upgrade.•COTS are ever more replacing custom electronics in off-detector readout systems.•Firmware for latest generation FPGAs is a big issue to design and maintain.•PCI-express bus is a proposal for the LHC readout upgrade.
A search for pair production of third-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying into a top quark and a τ-lepton is presented. The search is based on a dataset of pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 13 ...TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb-1. Events are selected if they have one light lepton (electron or muon) and at least one hadronically decaying τ -lepton, or at least two light leptons. In addition, two or more jets, at least one of which must be identified as containing b-hadrons, are required. Six final states, defined by the multiplicity and flavour of lepton candidates, are considered in the analysis. Each of them is split into multiple event categories to simultaneously search for the signal and constrain several leading backgrounds. The signal-rich event categories require at least one hadronically decaying τ-lepton candidate and exploit the presence of energetic final-state objects, which is characteristic of signal events. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed in any of the considered event categories, and 95% CL upper limits are set on the production cross section as a function of the leptoquark mass, for different assumptions about the branching fractions into tτ and bν. Scalar leptoquarks decaying exclusively into tτ are excluded up to masses of 1.43 TeV while, for a branching fraction of 50% into tτ, the lower mass limit is 1.22 TeV.
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