The aim of the study was to discover the metabolomic changes in plasma that occur during human Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of plasma metabolomic ...biomarkers for determination of myocardial injury. Deciphering the details of plasma metabolome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients before and after primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI) would allow for better understanding of the mechanisms involved during acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in humans. We performed a detailed non-targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma from 27 STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs employing a LC-MS approach. Plasma metabolome at ischemic condition was compared to multiple time points after PPCI which allowed us to focus on changes in the reperfusion phase. Classification of the differential metabolites based on chemical taxonomy identified a major role for lipids and lipid-derived molecules. Biochemical pathway analysis identified valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism and glutathione metabolism as the most significant metabolic pathways representing early response to I/R injury. We also identified phenyl alanine, tyrosine, linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism as the most significant pathways representing late response to I/R injury. A panel of three metabolites pentadecanoic acid, linoleoyl carnitine and 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine was discovered to have diagnostic value in determining the extent of I/R injury based on cardiac biomarkers. Using a non-targeted LC-MS approach, we have successfully generated the most comprehensive data to date on significant changes in the plasma metabolome in STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs showing that lipid metabolites represent the largest cohort of molecules undergoing significant change.
Flaxseed is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid, the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and fiber. These compounds provide bioactivity of value to the health of animals ...and humans through their anti-inflammatory action, anti-oxidative capacity and lipid modulating properties. The characteristics of ingesting flaxseed or its bioactive components are discussed in this article. The benefits of administering flaxseed or the individual bioactive components on health and disease are also discussed in this review. Specifically, the current evidence on the benefits or limitations of dietary flaxseed in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, gastro-intestinal health and brain development and function, as well as hormonal status in menopausal women, are comprehensive topics for discussion.
Hypertension is a chronic health condition in which blood pressure is usually elevated beyond normal levels. It can progress with serious complications if left undetected and untreated. Incidence of ...hypertension is on the increase worldwide with debilitating consequences on the health systems of many countries. It is a multifactorial disorder that requires a multi-pronged approach to address it. One such approach is the use of metabolomics or metabolite profiling to understand its underlying cause and possibly control it. Changes in metabolites profiles have been used to accurately predict so many disease conditions in addition to identifying possible biomarkers and pathways associated in their pathogenicity. This will enable their early detection, diagnosis and treatment as well as likely complications that may arise and also assist in development of biomarkers for clinical uses. The objective of this review therefore is to present some of the current knowledge on the application of metabolomics profiling in hypertension and blood pressure control. Keywords: Hypertension, Metabolomics, Biomarkers, Pathways, Metabolites
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was used to determine the total phenolics, including sinapic acid derivatives in canola. Ten Western Canadian ...canola seeds, six other commodity canola seeds, their corresponding press cakes and meals were analyzed. Seeds of European 00 rapeseed and Brassica Juncea (Indian mustard) were included for comparison. Phenolic compounds were separated using a gradient elution system of water-methanol-ο-phosphoric acid solution with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In addition to sinapine (SP) and sinapic acid (SA), sinapoyl glucose (SG) is reported in the methanolic extracts. The detection and quantification limits of these compounds were 0.20-0.40 and 0.50-0.80 μg/ml, respectively with recovery values over 98.0%. The content of total phenolics, SP, SA and SG in canola extracts ranged from 9.16 to 16.13, 6.39 to 12.28, 0.11 to 0.59 and 1.36 to 7.50 mg/g, respectively with significant differences among varieties.
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury increases the generation of oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs), which results in cell death. However, the mechanism by which OxPCs mediate cell death ...and cardiac dysfunction is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which OxPC triggers cardiomyocyte cell death during reperfusion injury. Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of various purified fragmented OxPCs. Cardiomyocyte viability, bioenergetic response, and calcium transients were determined in the presence of OxPCs. Five different fragmented OxPCs resulted in a decrease in cell viability, with 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-
-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(9'-oxo-nonanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PONPC) having the most potent cardiotoxic effect in both a concentration and time dependent manner (
< 0.05). POVPC and PONPC also caused a significant decrease in Ca
transients and net contraction in isolated cardiomyocytes compared to vehicle treated control cells (
< 0.05). PONPC depressed maximal respiration rate (
< 0.01; 54%) and spare respiratory capacity (
< 0.01; 54.5%). Notably, neither caspase 3 activation or TUNEL staining was observed in cells treated with either POVPC or PONPC. Further, cardiac myocytes treated with OxPCs were indistinguishable from vehicle-treated control cells with respect to nuclear high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGBP1) activity. However, glutathione peroxidase 4 activity was markedly suppressed in cardiomyocytes treated with POVPC and PONPC coincident with increased ferroptosis. Importantly, cell death induced by OxPCs could be suppressed by E06 Ab, directed against OxPCs or by ferrostatin-1, which bound the sn-2 aldehyde of POVPC during I/R. The findings of the present study demonstrate that oxidation of phosphatidylcholines during I/R generate bioactive phospholipid intermediates that disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics and calcium transients and provoke wide spread cell death through ferroptosis. Neutralization of OxPC with E06 or with ferrostatin-1 prevents cell death during reperfusion. Our study demonstrates a novel signaling pathway that operationally links generation of OxPC during cardiac I/R to ferroptosis. Interventions designed to target OxPCs may prove beneficial in mitigating ferroptosis during I/R injury in individuals with ischemic heart disease.
Oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPC) generated during reperfusion injury are potent inducers of cardiomyocyte death. Our studies have shown that OxPCs exert this effect through a ferroptotic process that can be attenuated. A better understanding of the OxPC cell death pathway can prove a novel strategy for prevention of cell death during myocardial reperfusion injury.
Flavor perception is a highly individual sensation, and is impacted by a number of factors. Olfaction is a critical element in fully experiencing flavor. In this review, we explore the differences ...between orthonasal (sniff) versus retronasal (mouth) olfaction, and provide a comprehensive summary of recent publications in this arena. Here we explore the complexities of flavor perception, including the role that select flavors and media have on identification and localization. We also discuss some common neural imaging techniques used in this field, as odorants activate different neural responses in diverse areas of the brain, as well as the different stimulation patterns derived from perceiving food and nonfood related odorants. The information provided will be useful for sensory scientists and industry alike for the development of novel food and beverages that positively impact the consumer experience.
Dietary flaxseed is being studied as an alternative or complementary therapy to medications for reducing risk factors related to cardiovascular disease progression. The suggested benefits of ...alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) as an antihypertensive agent, of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) derived enterolignans as antioxidants and estradiol mimetics and dietary fiber for its role in cholesterol lowering are just some of the potential benefits of consuming flaxseed. These studies have progressed from dietary studies involving animal models to large-scale clinical trials with the ultimate goal of adopting its consumption by the general public. To promote adherence in long-term clinical trials and encourage its consumption by the general public, flaxseed in one of its various forms or as its isolated bioactive ingredients is either incorporated into food products, called functional foods, or sprinkled onto foods before consumption. The stability of these bioactives in any of these forms becomes crucial for its acceptance by these populations and in order to optimize its biological actions. The effects of the food matrix, food preparation processes and storage conditions are all factors that can influence bioactive stability and are discussed here.
•Flaxseed (FX) has phytochemicals with potential cardioprotective benefits.•ALA and SDG in whole FX are stable during various domestic processes.•Exposed ALA in milled FX and FX oil increases susceptibility of oxidation.•Adding milled FX or FX oil to baked goods may improve oxidative stability.•SDG content in defatted FX flour is influenced by fermentation, but not baking.
Flaxseed contains ω-3 fatty acids, lignans, and fiber that together may provide benefits to patients with cardiovascular disease. Animal work identified that patients with peripheral artery disease ...may particularly benefit from dietary supplementation with flaxseed. Hypertension is commonly associated with peripheral artery disease. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of daily ingestion of flaxseed on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in peripheral artery disease patients. In this prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, patients (110 in total) ingested a variety of foods that contained 30 g of milled flaxseed or placebo each day over 6 months. Plasma levels of the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and enterolignans increased 2- to 50-fold in the flaxseed-fed group but did not increase significantly in the placebo group. Patient body weights were not significantly different between the 2 groups at any time. SBP was ≈ 10 mm Hg lower, and DBP was ≈ 7 mm Hg lower in the flaxseed group compared with placebo after 6 months. Patients who entered the trial with a SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg at baseline obtained a significant reduction of 15 mm Hg in SBP and 7 mm Hg in DBP from flaxseed ingestion. The antihypertensive effect was achieved selectively in hypertensive patients. Circulating α-linolenic acid levels correlated with SBP and DBP, and lignan levels correlated with changes in DBP. In summary, flaxseed induced one of the most potent antihypertensive effects achieved by a dietary intervention.
Metabolomics analysis of blood from patients (n = 42) undergoing surgery for suspected lung cancer was performed in this study. Venous and arterial blood was collected in both Streck and Heparin ...tubes. A total of 96 metabolites were detected, affected by sex (n = 56), collection tube (n = 33), and blood location (n = 8). These metabolites belonged to a wide array of compound classes including lipids, acids, pharmaceutical agents, signalling molecules, vitamins, among others. Phospholipids and carboxylic acids accounted for 28% of all detected compounds. Out of the 33 compounds significantly affected by collection tube, 18 compounds were higher in the Streck tubes, including allantoin and ketoleucine, and 15 were higher in the Heparin tubes, including LysoPC(P-16:0), PS 40:6, and chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate. Based on our results, it is recommended that replicate blood samples from each patient should be collected in different types of blood collection tubes for a broader range of the metabolome. Several metabolites were found at higher concentrations in cancer patients such as lactic acid in Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and lysoPCs in Adenocarcinoma and Acinar Cell Carcinoma, which may be used to detect early onset and/or to monitor the progress of the cancer patients.
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•A full-field electroretinogram was used to assess changes in retina function.•Lutein and DHA enriched eggs significantly increased plasma DHA concentrations.•Lutein and DHA enriched ...eggs improved rod and cone driven bipolar cell function.•Two eggs daily for six weeks did not adversely impact plasma blood lipid parameters.
The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the consumption of lutein and DHA enriched eggs can improve visual function among older adults at risk of age-related eye disease. A total of 30 Caucasian older adults (64.0 ± 3.4 years) consumed enriched eggs (0.87 mg lutein/day, 220 mg DHA/day) daily for 6-weeks. Retina function was assessed by full-field electroretinogram along with plasma DHA, plasma lutein, lipid profiles, and lipoprotein subfractions at day 0 (PRE) and 6 weeks (POST). At POST, maximum amplitude of scotopic a-wave and photopic b-wave significantly increased (P < 0.001); and plasma DHA levels increased by 35.4% (P < 0.001). Plasma lipid parameters, lutein and LDL sub-fractions remained unchanged, with a significant increase in large HDL particles and a decrease in intermediate sized HDL particles. Overall, the consumption of two lutein and DHA enriched eggs daily improves electrophysiological retina function without adversely altering plasma lipids in Caucasian older adults.
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