Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance ...between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases CVDs, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decreases the content of antioxidant status of cells by reducing the activities of reductants and antioxidative enzymes and gives rise to different pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanism of ROS-induced OS signaling and their age-associated complications mediated through their toxic manifestations in order to devise effective preventive and curative natural therapeutic remedies.
Rapid growth of nanotechnology has accelerated immense possibility of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exposure by human and living organisms. In this context, wide range applications of graphene ...based nanomaterials (GBNMs) may inevitably cause their release into the environment. Consequently, potential risks to the ecological system and human health is consistently increasing due to the probable ingestion of GBNMs by mean of contaminated water or food sources. Further, gut microbiome is known to play a profound impact on the health status of human being and has been recognized as the most exciting advancement in the biomedical science. Recent studies has shown vital role of ENMs to alter gut microbiome and thereby changed pathological status of organisms. Therefore, in this review results of numerous studies dedicated to explore the impact of GBNMs on gut microbiome and thereby various pathological status have been summarized. Dietary exposure of different types of GBNMs e.g. graphene, graphene oxide (GO), partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been evaluated on the gut microbiome through numerous in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, emphasis has been made to evaluate different physiological responses with the short/long-term exposure of GBNMs, particularly in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its correlation with gut microbiome and the health status. It is reviewed that exposure of GBNMs can exert significant impact which alter the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome. This may further appear in terms of enteric disorder along with numerous pathological changes e.g. IEC (intestinal epithelial cells) colitis, lysosomal dysfunction, inflammation, shortened colon, resorbed embryo, retardation in skeletal development, low weight of fetus, early or late dead of fetus and IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) like symptoms. Finally, potential health risks due to the exposure of GBNMs have been discussed with future perspective.
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•Interactions of graphene based nanomaterials (GBNMs) with gut microbiome are evaluated.•Emphasis has been made on gut microbiome alteration with the exposure of GBNMs.•Impact of GBNMs induced gut microbiome on gastrointestinal tract related diseases.•Potential health issues due to the exposure of GBNMs with gut microbiome•Possible applications of GBNMs to modulate gut microbiome and their perspective
Sustainable and practically viable biofuels production technology using lignocellulosic biomass is still seeking its way of implementation owing to some major issues involved therein. Unavailability ...of efficient microbial sources for the degradation of cellulosic biomass is one of the major roadblocks in biomass to biofuels production technology. In this context, utilization of microbiomes to degrade lignocellulaosic biomass is emerging as a rapid and effective approach that can fulfill the requirements of biomass based biofuels production technology. Therefore, the present review is targeted to explore soil metagenomic approach to improve the lignocellulosic biomass degradation processing for the cost-effective and eco-friendly application. Soil microbiomes consist of rich microbial community along with high probability of cellulolytic microbes, and can be identified by culture independent metagenomics method which can be structurally and functionally explored via genomic library. Therefore, in depth analysis and discussion have also been made via structural & functional metagenomics tools along with their contribution to genomic library. Additionally, the present review highlights currently existing bottlenecks along with their feasible solutions. This review will help to understand the basic research as well as industrial concept for the process improvement based on soil microbiome mediated lignocellulosic biomass degradation, and this may likely to implement for the low-cost commercial biofuels production technology.
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•Application of soil microbiome as potential biosource has been reviewed.•Impact of soil microbiome for lignocellulosic biomass degradation has been explored.•Potential of soil microbiome to degrade lignocellulosic for biofuels application.•Soil microbiome degradation efficiency can be improved via metagenomic approach.•Culture independent with metagenomic library may enhance lignocellulosic degradation.
Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals are the two major soil contaminants that are released into the environment in the forms of industrial effluents. These contaminants exert serious impacts on ...human health and the sustainability of the environment. In this context, remediation of these pollutants via a biological approach can be effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly approach. The implementation of microorganisms and metagenomics are regarded as the advanced solution for remediating such pollutants. Further, microbiomes can overcome this issue via adopting specific structural, functional and metabolic pathways involved in the microbial community to degrade these pollutants. Genomic sequencing and library can effectively channelize the degradation of these pollutants via microbiomes. Nevertheless, more advanced technology and reliable strategies are required to develop. The present review provides insights into the role of microbiomes to effectively remediate/degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in contaminated soil. The possible degradation mechanisms of these pollutants have also been discussed in detail along with their existing limitations. Finally, prospects of the bioremediation strategies using microbiomes are discussed.
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•Review presents application of microbiomes in petroleum hydrocarbon degradation.•Applications of microbiomes in heavy metal based contaminants degradation•Microbiomes techniques efficiency has been analyze in contaminated soil.•Mechanisms to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal through microbiomes.•Improvement in microbiomes community via various approaches has explored.
This is proven for a long that the incorporation of probiotics and prebiotics in diet exhibits beneficial effects on intestinal and intrinsic health. Nevertheless, this may encounter loss of vitality ...all along the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to meager intestinal delivery of probiotic active ingredients. In recent times, nanotechnology has been passionately used to escalate the bioavailability of active ingredients. Versatile forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are devised to be used with probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics or their different combinations. The NPs currently in trend are constituted of distinctive organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, or inorganics such as oxides of silver and titanium or magnesium etc. This review critically explicates the emerging relationship of nanotechnology with probiotics and prebiotics for different applications in neutraceuticals. Here in this review, formulations of nanoprobiotics and nanoprebiotics are discussed in detail, which behave as an effective drug delivery system. In addition, these formulations exhibit anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and photo-protective properties. Limited availability of scientific research on nanotechnology concerning probiotics and prebiotics implies dynamic research studies on the bioavailability of loaded active ingredients and the effective drug delivery system by including the safety issues of food and the environment.
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•Probiotics & prebiotics in diet exhibit beneficial effects•Pro/prebiotics may suffer absorption in GI and minor intestinal delivery.•Nanotechnology has escalated the bioavailability of active ingredients.•Nanoparticles have been used with probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics.•We have reviewed the impact of nanotechnology in pro/pre-biotics.
Abstract
Due to having a long history of traditional uses as a functional food,
Zingiber zerumbet
was selected here to explore the inherent antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanolic ...extract of its rhizome (MEZZR) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The rich polyphenol containing MEZZR showed a marked DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide radicals and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with an IC
50
of 3.43 ± 1.25, 11.38 ± 1.39, 23.12 ± 3.39 and 16.47 ± 1.47 µg/ml, respectively, when compared to the standard catechin. In vivo, MEZZR significantly inhibited EAC cell growth, decreased body weight gain, increased life span and restored the altered hematological characteristics of EAC-bearing mice. Moreover, MEZZR induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation, which are notable features of apoptosis as observed by fluorescence microscopy after staining EAC cells of MEZZR-treated mice with Hoechst 33342. Additionally, in vitro, the cell growth inhibition caused by the MEZZR in MTT assay, was remarkably decreased in the presence of caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors. This study thus suggests that MEZZR may possess promising antiproliferative efficacy against EAC cells by inducing cell apoptosis.
The increase in the number of cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the complications associated with the side effects of chemical/synthetic drugs have raised concerns about the safety of the ...drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore and identify natural bioactive compounds as alternative drugs. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) functions as a negative regulator and is therefore considered as one of the key protein targets modulating insulin signaling and insulin resistance. This article deals with the screening of a database of polyphenols against PTP1B activity for the identification of a potential inhibitor. The research plan had two clear objectives. Under first objective, we conducted a quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of flavonoids with PTP1B that revealed the strongest correlation (R
= 93.25%) between the number of aromatic bonds (naro) and inhibitory concentrations (IC
) of PTP1B. The second objective emphasized the binding potential of the selected polyphenols against the activity of PTP1B using molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and free energy estimation. Among all the polyphenols, silydianin, a flavonolignan, was identified as a lead compound that possesses drug-likeness properties, has a higher negative binding energy of -7.235 kcal/mol and a pKd value of 5.2. The free energy-based binding affinity (ΔG) was estimated to be -7.02 kcal/mol. MD simulation revealed the stability of interacting residues (Gly183, Arg221, Thr263 and Asp265). The results demonstrated that the identified polyphenol, silydianin, could act as a promising natural PTP1B inhibitor that can modulate the insulin resistance.
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•Synthesis of TiO2 bionanocomposite from water hyacinth (WH) leaves extract.•Antibacterial activity of TiO2 bionanocomposite against S. marcescens ABHI001.•Superior antibacterial ...activity of TiO2 bionanocomposite compared to TiO2 NPs.•Low-cost green synthesis strategy for practical applications of bionanocomposite.
The present work is targeted towards the green synthesis of low cost, efficient and potential nanoparticles for effective application. In this approach, waste leafs of water hyacinth (WH) Eichhornia crassipes, a types of aquatic weed has been used to synthesize TiO2 bionanocomposite under ambient conditions. Newly synthesized TiO2 bionanocomposite has been characterized via different techniques e.g. X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Further, antibacterial efficiency of TiO2 bionaocomposite has been tested against the commonly known toilet bacteria Serratia marcescens which is a lab isolated strain having specification ABHI001. It is found that the prepared TiO2 bionanocomposite when used at 150 μg/mL concentration exhibited ∼3.0 cm diameter of inhibition zone against the toilet bacteria which is superior to commercial TiO2 NPs and WH leaf extract. The current study may have potential applications to synthesize bionanocomposites and their utility in healthcare industries.
Abstract
Geranium wallichianum
D. Don ex Sweet is a well-known medicinal plant in Kashmir Himalya. The evidence for its modern medicinal applications remains majorly unexplored. The present study was ...undertaken to elucidate the detailed antimicrobial promises of different crude extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate) of
G. wallichainum
against common human bacterial and fungal pathogens in order to scientifically validate its traditional use. The LC–MS analysis of
G. wallichainum
yielded 141 bioactive compounds with the vast majority of them having therapeutic applications. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by broth microdilution method of
G. wallichainum
was tested against bacterial and fungal pathogens with MICs ranging from 0.39 to 400 µg/mL. Furthermore, virtual ligands screening yielded elatine, kaempferol, and germacrene-A as medicinally most active constituents and the potential inhibitors of penicillin-binding protein (PBP), dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), elongation factor-Tu (Eu-Tu), ABC transporter, 1,3 beta glycan, and beta-tubulin. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) graphs obtained through the molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) indicated the true bonding interactions which were further validated using root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) graphs which provided a better understanding of the amino acids present in the proteins responsible for the molecular motions and fluctuations. The effective binding of elatine, kaempferol, and germacrene-A with these proteins provides ground for further research to understand the underlying mechanism that ceases the growth of these microbes.
Drug-resistance-associated mutation in essential proteins of the viral life cycle is a major concern in anti-retroviral therapy. M46I, a non-active site mutation in HIV-1 protease has been clinically ...associated with saquinavir resistance in HIV patients. A 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM-PBSA calculations were performed to study the molecular mechanism of M46I-mutation-based saquinavir resistance. In order to acquire deeper insight into the drug-resistance mechanism, the flap curling, closed/semi-open/open conformations, and active site compactness were studied. The M46I mutation significantly affects the energetics and conformational stability of HIV-1 protease in terms of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen formation potential. This mutation significantly decreased van der Waals interaction and binding free energy (∆G) in the M46I-saquinavir complex and induced inward flap curling and a wider opening of the flaps for most of the MD simulation period. The predominant open conformation was reduced, but inward flap curling/active site compactness was increased in the presence of saquinavir in M46I HIV-1 protease. In conclusion, the M46I mutation induced structural dynamics changes that weaken the protease grip on saquinavir without distorting the active site of the protein. The produced information may be utilized for the discovery of inhibitor(s) against drug-resistant HIV-1 protease.
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