Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) increases the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder in adulthood, but the neural processes underlying conferment of this risk have not been established. ...Here, we test the potential for neuroimaging the adult brain to inform understanding of the mechanism linking CEM to adult anxiety symptoms.
One hundred eighty-two adults (148 females, 34 males) with a normal-to-clinical range of anxiety symptoms underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an emotion-processing paradigm with facial expressions of fear, anger, and happiness. Participants completed self-report measures of CEM and current anxiety symptoms. Voxelwise mediation analyses on gray-matter volumes and activation to each emotion condition were used to identify candidate brain mechanisms relating CEM to anxiety in adulthood.
During processing of fear and anger faces, greater amygdala and less right dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) activation partially mediated the positive relationship between CEM and anxiety symptoms. Greater right posterior insula activation to fear also partially mediated this relationship, as did greater ventral anterior cingulate (ACC) and less dorsal ACC activation to anger. Responses to happy faces in these regions did not mediate the CEM-anxiety relationship. Smaller right dlPFC gray-matter volumes also partially mediated the CEM-anxiety relationship.
Activation patterns of the adult brain demonstrate the potential to inform mechanistic accounts of the CEM conferment of anxiety symptoms. Results support the hypothesis that exaggerated limbic activation to negative valence facial emotions links CEM to anxiety symptoms, which may be consequent to a breakdown of cortical regulatory processes.
Trauma related guilt, a distressing emotion associated with negative cognitions regarding one's actions or inaction during a traumatic event, is common among individuals with posttraumatic stress ...disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that trauma related guilt cognitions would partially explain the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and functioning. The sample consisted of 254 combat veterans or active duty military personnel who served in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) who consented to participate in a larger PTSD treatment study. Results revealed a significant relationship between PTSD severity and guilt cognitions (standardized β = 0.40), as well as PTSD and overall functioning (β = 0.49). Guilt cognitions (β′s = 0.13 to 0.32) were significantly associated with nearly all domains of functioning, including overall functioning (β = 0.27), and partially explained the relationship between PTSD and functioning. This study lends support to the addition of guilt as a symptom of PTSD in the DSM-5 as it contributes significantly to functional impairment even when accounting for other symptoms of PTSD, although co-occurring mental health problems may also contribute to functional impairments associated with PTSD. Future studies are needed to investigate whether reductions in traumatic guilt are related to improved functional outcomes in PTSD treatments.
A spectral survey of an ultra-hot Jupiter Hoeijmakers, H. J.; Ehrenreich, D.; Kitzmann, D. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
07/2019, Letnik:
627
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context.
KELT-9 b exemplifies a newly emerging class of short-period gaseous exoplanets that tend to orbit hot, early type stars – termed ultra-hot Jupiters. The severe stellar irradiation heats ...their atmospheres to temperatures of ~4000 K, similar to temperatures of photospheres of dwarf stars. Due to the absence of aerosols and complex molecular chemistry at such temperatures, these planets offer the potential of detailed chemical characterization through transit and day-side spectroscopy. Detailed studies of their chemical inventories may provide crucial constraints on their formation process(es) and evolution history.
Aims.
We aim to search the optical transmission spectrum of KELT-9 b for absorption lines by metals using the cross-correlation technique.
Methods.
We analysed two transit observations obtained with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We used an isothermal equilibrium chemistry model to predict the transmission spectrum for each of the neutral and singly ionized atoms with atomic numbers between three and 78. Of these, we identified the elements that are expected to have spectral lines in the visible wavelength range and used those as cross-correlation templates.
Results.
We detect (>5
σ
) absorption by Na
I
, Cr
II
, Sc
II
and Y
II
, and confirm previous detections of Mg
I
, Fe
I
, Fe
II
, and Ti
II
. In addition, we find evidence of Ca
I
, Cr
I
, Co
I
, and Sr
II
that will require further observations to verify. The detected absorption lines are significantly deeper than predicted by our model, suggesting that the material is transported to higher altitudes where the density is enhanced compared to a hydrostatic profile, and that the material is part of an extended or outflowing envelope. There appears to be no significant blue-shift of the absorption spectrum due to a net day-to-night side wind. In particular, the strong Fe
II
feature is shifted by 0.18 ± 0.27 km s
−1
, consistent with zero. Using the orbital velocity of the planet we derive revised masses and radii of the star and the planet:
M
*
= 1.978 ± 0.023
M
⊙
,
R
*
= 2.178 ± 0.011
R
⊙
,
m
p
= 2.44 ± 0.70
M
J
and
R
p
= 1.783 ± 0.009
R
J
.
The North American Ice Sheet Complex (NAISC; consisting of the Laurentide, Cordilleran and Innuitian ice sheets) was the largest ice mass to repeatedly grow and decay in the Northern Hemisphere ...during the Quaternary. Understanding its pattern of retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum is critical for studying many facets of the Late Quaternary, including ice sheet behaviour, the evolution of Holocene landscapes, sea level, atmospheric circulation, and the peopling of the Americas. Currently, the most up-to-date and authoritative margin chronology for the entire ice sheet complex is featured in two publications (Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1574 Dyke et al., 2003; ‘Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part II’ Dyke, 2004). These often-cited datasets track ice margin recession in 36 time slices spanning 18 ka to 1 ka (all ages in uncalibrated radiocarbon years) using a combination of geomorphology, stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating. However, by virtue of being over 15 years old, the ice margin chronology requires updating to reflect new work and important revisions. This paper updates the aforementioned 36 ice margin maps to reflect new data from regional studies. We also update the original radiocarbon dataset from the 2003/2004 papers with 1541 new ages to reflect work up to and including 2018. A major revision is made to the 18 ka ice margin, where Banks and Eglinton islands (once considered to be glacial refugia) are now shown to be fully glaciated. Our updated 18 ka ice sheet increased in areal extent from 17.81 to 18.37 million km2, which is an increase of 3.1% in spatial coverage of the NAISC at that time. Elsewhere, we also summarize, region-by-region, significant changes to the deglaciation sequence. This paper integrates new information provided by regional experts and radiocarbon data into the deglaciation sequence while maintaining consistency with the original ice margin positions of Dyke et al. (2003) and Dyke (2004) where new information is lacking; this is a pragmatic solution to satisfy the needs of a Quaternary research community that requires up-to-date knowledge of the pattern of ice margin recession of what was once the world’s largest ice mass. The 36 updated isochrones are available in PDF and shapefile format, together with a spreadsheet of the expanded radiocarbon dataset (n = 5195 ages) and estimates of uncertainty for each interval.
•Updated deglaciation sequence using regional studies/expertise and radiocarbon data.•Region-by-region overview of significant ice margin changes from 18 ka to 1 ka.•New 18 ka 14C (∼21.7 ka cal.) ice sheet is 3.1% larger than previous estimates.•36 updated isochrones (PDFs/shapefiles) and radiocarbon dataset (n = 5195 ages).•Ice margins of Dyke et al. (2003) retained where new information is lacking.
Soil/atmosphere exchange fluxes of nitrous oxide were monitored for a 3-year period at 10 grassland sites in eight European countries (Denmark, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, ...Switzerland and United Kingdom), spanning a wide range of climatic, environmental and soil conditions. Most study sites investigated the influence of one or several management practices on N
2O exchange, such as nitrogen fertilization and grazing intensity. Fluxes were measured using non-steady state chambers at most sites, and alternative measurement techniques such as eddy covariance and fast-box using tunable diode laser spectroscopy were implemented at some sites. The overall uncertainty in annual flux estimates derived from chamber measurements may be as high as 50% due to the temporal and spatial variability in fluxes, which warrants the future use of continuous measurements, if possible at the field scale. Annual emission rates were higher from intensive than from extensive grasslands, by a factor 4 if grazed (1.77
versus 0.48
kg
N
2O-N
ha
−1
year
−1) and by a factor 3 if ungrazed (0.95
versus 0.32
kg
N
2O-N
ha
−1
year
−1). Annual emission factors for fertilized systems were highly variable, ranging from 0.01% to 3.56%, but the mean emission factor across all sites (0.75%) was substantially lower than the IPCC default value of 1.25%. Emission factors for individual fertilization events increased with soil temperature and were generally higher for water-filled pore space values in the range 60–90%, though precipitation onto dry soils was also shown to lead to high losses of N
2O-N from applied fertilizer. An empirical, multiple regression model to predict N
2O emission factors on the basis of soil temperature, moisture and rainfall is developed, explaining half of the variability in observed emission factors.
HIV therapeutic vaccination aims to improve the immune responses against HIV in order to control viral replication without the need for combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). iHIVARNA-01 is a novel ...vaccine combining mRNA delivery and T-cell immunogen (HTI) based on conserved targets of effective antiviral T-cell responses. In addition, it holds adequate stimuli required for activating antigen presenting cells (APC)s and co-activating specific T-cells (TriMix), including human CD40L, constitutively active TLR4 (caTLR4) and CD70. We propose that in-vivo targeting of dendritic cells (DCs) by direct administration of a HIV mRNA encoding these immune modulating proteins might be an attractive alternative to target DCs in vitro.
This is a phase-IIa, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study in chronically HIV-1 infected patients under stable cART. One of the three study arms is randomly allocated to subjects. Three vaccinations with either HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI)-TriMix (iHIVARNA-01), TriMix or water for injection (WFI) (weeks 0, 2 and 4) are administered by intranodal injection in the inguinal region. Two weeks after the last immunization (week 6) cART is stopped for 12 weeks. The two primary endpoints are: (1) safety and tolerability of intranodal iHIVARNA-01 vaccination compared with TriMix or WFI and (2) induced immunogenicity, i.e., increase in the frequency of HIV-specific T-cell responses between baseline, week 6 and 12 weeks after treatment interruption in iHIVARNA-01-treated patients as compared to the control groups, immunized with TriMix-mRNA or WFI measured by an IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Secondary endpoints include the evaluation of time to viral rebound, plasma viral load (pVL) at w18, the proportion of patients with control of viral load, induction of T-cell responses to new HIV epitopes, polyfunctionality of HIV-specific T-cells, CD8+ T-cell in-vitro HIV suppressive capacity, the effect on viral reservoir (measured by proviral DNA and cell-associated RNA), assessment of viral immune escape by mutation and mRNA expression profiles of host immune genes.
This trial aims to direct target DC in situ with mRNA encoding HTI and TriMix for co-stimulation. Intranodal injection circumvents laborious DC isolation and handling in the laboratory. The trial extends on the safety results of a phase-I dose-escalating trial. This candidate vaccine could complement or even replace cART for chronic HIV infection and could be applicable to improve the care and cost of HIV infection.
EudraCT 2016-002724-83 (22 September 2016); ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02888756 . Registered on 23 August 2016.
This study investigated speaker normalization in perception of Mandarin tone 2 (midrising) and tone 3 (low-falling-rising) by examining listeners' use of F0 range as a cue to speaker identity. Two ...speakers were selected such that tone 2 of the low-pitched speaker and tone 3 of the high-pitched speaker occurred at equivalent F0 heights. Production and perception experiments determined that turning point (or inflection point of the tone), and delta F0 (the difference in FO between onset and turning point) distinguished the two tones. Three tone continua varying in either turning point, delta FO, or both acoustic dimensions, were then appended to a natural precursor phrase from each of the two speakers. Results showed identification shifts such that identical stimuli were identified as low tones for the high precursor condition, but as high tones for the low precursor condition. Stimuli varying in turning point showed no significant shift, suggesting that listeners normalize only when the precursor varies in the same dimension as the stimuli. The magnitude of the shift was greater for stimuli varying only in delta FO, as compared to stimuli varying in both turning point and delta FO, indicating that normalization effects are reduced for stimuli more closely matching natural speech.
Background Acute appendicitis continues to be a common general surgical problem. Little is known about whether the contribution to margin has been affected by changes in technology. Study Design ...Patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis from June 2005 to May 2007 were evaluated for demographics, diagnostic and treatment alternatives, and outcomes. Financial outcomes were assessed. Efficiency, including admission to emergency department bed to incision (bed to knife time BTK), operative length, and hospital length of stay (LOS) were assessed. Results During the 2 years of the study, there were no differences in demographics, insurance status, case length, diagnostic accuracy, pathology, LOS, or outcomes. Both laparoscopy and CT use increased between the 2 study years (odds ratio OR: 1.68, p = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.98–2.89 and OR: 1.83, p = 0.06, CI, 0.98–3.45, respectively). Mean BTK time increased by about 1 hour: 465 minutes versus 521 minutes (p = 0.032; 95% CI, 0.08–1.78) in univariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated no difference in BTK time between years (p = 0.136). After controlling for gender, year of operation, and insurance status, obtaining a CT study added 3.5 hours to BTK time (p < 0.001; 95% CI, 2.41–4.45). Women had BTK times 55 minutes longer than men when controlling for similar covariates (p = 0.027; 95% CI, 0.11–1.74). Laparoscopy contributed to shorter mean LOS (−0.78 days, p = 0.04), and gangrenous appendicitis (1.80 days, p < 0.001) and complications (4.23 days, p < 0.001) increased LOS. Mean contribution to margin decreased from $6,347 to $4,295 (p = 0.068). Conclusions Increasing use of CT scanning in acute appendicitis increases cost of care, decreases contribution to margin, prolongs patient's stay in the emergency department, and delays time to operation.
Os5C(CO)142- was synthesized in 65% yield on the surface of MgO by treatment of adsorbed Os3(CO)12 in CO. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) indicated that the nanoclusters were ...nearly monodisperse and in the size range consistent with Os5C(CO)142-. The supported Os5C(CO)142- was decarbonylated in helium, giving supported nanoclusters that are well approximated as Os5C, as shown by HRTEM and EXAFS data. Decarbonylation in H2 gave larger clusters of osmium, as shown by HRTEM.
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