Reduction of food waste provides important environmental and economic benefits. Valorization of food by-products into edible materials is one of the most interesting strategies in this field. ...However, food by-products and wastes can contain chemical contaminants or potential pathogens that may endanger consumers’ health. Therefore, assuring quality and safety of these by-products is of utmost importance to take advantage of this valorization strategy.
In this review, safety evaluation of valorized by-products intended for human and animal consumption has been revised and critically discussed. With this aim, the most relevant applications of valorized by-products intended for livestock feed or food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries, in which quality and safety were assessed have been compiled. Moreover, the most common strategies for the analysis and removal of undesirable substances in these valorized by-products have been pointed out, as well as the requirements established by current regulations.
Despite the great number of applications found on food by-products valorization, only in a reduced number of works safety evaluation studies, such as physicochemical and microbiological assessments or the determination of toxic contaminants, were carried out. Among them, the development of decontamination procedures and processing approaches that avoid the generation of such undesirable substances, as well as effective analysis methods have been reported. However, in most cases the evaluation of results has been very complex and difficult due to the lack of specific legislation that regulates the suitability and safety of the new products to guarantee consumers’ safety.
•By-products valorization presents important economic and environmental benefits.•Food by-products require safety assessment for their use in humans or animals.•Safety evaluation of valorized by-products has been scarce up to date.•Physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological studies are discussed.•There is a lack of specific regulations to assure safety of valorized by-products.
This work presents a revision of the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Articles that were published during the period February 2019‐February 2021 ...are included. The work shows the multiple CE methods that have been developed and applied to analyze different types of molecules in foods. Namely, CE methods have been applied to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, secondary metabolites, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. The last results on the use of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing, including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics, are discussed too. The new procedures of CE to investigate food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage and bioactivity are also included in the present review work.
A novel valorization strategy is proposed in this work for the sustainable utilization of a major mango processing waste (i.e. mango seed kernel, MSK), integrating green pressurized-liquid extraction ...(PLE), bioactive assays and comprehensive HRMS-based phytochemical characterization to obtain bioactive-rich fractions with high antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against human colon cancer cells. Thus, a two steps PLE procedure was proposed to recover first the non-polar fraction (fatty acids and lipids) and second the polar fraction (polyphenols). Efficient selection of the most suitable solvent for the second PLE step (ethanol/ethyl acetate mixture) was based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) approach. A comprehensive GC- and LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS profiling analysis allowed the complete characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions obtained under optimal condition (100% EtOH at 150 °C), demonstrating the abundance of oleic and stearic acids, as well as bioactive xanthones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, gallate derivatives and gallotannins. The obtained MSK-extract exhibited higher antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 compared to traditional extraction procedures described in literature for MSK utilization (e.g. Soxhlet), demonstrating the great potential of the proposed valorization strategy as a valuable opportunity for mango processing industry to deliver a value-added product to the market with health promoting properties.
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•Powerful analytical strategy for mango seed kernel valorization•Green extraction procedure in two steps to recover lipidic and phenolic fractions•Phytochemical profiling of obtained PLE fractions by LC/GC-q-TOF-MS(/MS)•Antiproliferative activity of the phenolic extracts against colon cancer cells
In this work, a review about the applicability of eutectic solvents, mainly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), for the extraction of bioactive compounds from ...natural products has been carried out. These alternative solvents have shown not only to have high extraction yields but also to be environmentally friendly, exhibiting very low or almost no toxicity, compared to conventional organic solvents. The last trends and main extraction methods that have been most widely used in studies using these emerging solvents have been reviewed, as well as the varied natural sources in which they have been used, including agro-food by-products. Besides the toxicity, biodegradability of these solvents is reviewed. Likewise, different reported bioactivity tests have been included, in which extracts obtained with these ecological solvents have been tested from antioxidant activity analysis to in vivo studies with rats, through in vitro cytotoxicity tests.
Passiflora edulis by-products (PFBP) are a rich source of polyphenols, of which piceatannol has gained special attention recently. However, there are few studies involving environmentally safe ...methods for obtaining extracts rich in piceatannol. This work aimed to concentrate piceatannol from defatted PFBP (d-PFBP) by means of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and conventional extraction, using the bio-based solvents selected with the Hansen solubility parameters approach. The relative energy distance (Ra) between solvent and solute was: Benzyl Alcohol (BnOH) < Ethyl Acetate (EtOAc) < Ethanol (EtOH) < EtOH:H2O. Nonetheless, EtOH presented the best selectivity for piceatannol. Multi-cycle PLE at 110 °C was able to concentrate piceatannol 2.4 times more than conventional extraction. PLE exhibited a dependence on kinetic parameters and temperature, which could be associated with hydrogen bonding forces and the dielectric constant of the solvents. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) IC50 were 29.420 μg/mL and 27.682 μg/mL, respectively. The results reinforce the demand for processes to concentrate natural extracts from food by-products.
•Multi-analytical approach for “green” valorization strategies of food by-products.•PLE optimization to obtain withanolides-rich extracts with antioxidant activity.•Comprehensive profiling analysis ...by LC/GC coupled to q-TOF-MS(/MS).•Application of integrated identification strategies based on HRMS data.
A multi-analytical strategy for the valorisation of goldenberry calyx, a promising source of health-promoting compounds, is presented in this work. A comprehensive characterization of P. peruviana calyx extracts, obtained by an optimized pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) procedure, is developed applying first an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-q-TOF-MS/MS) method in positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. A total of fifty-six phytochemicals, including major phenolic components, several withanolides (C28-isoprenoids) with a variety of biological activities, and a large family of anti-inflammatory sucrose esters were tentatively identified using this methodology. An integrated identification strategy based on accurate mass data obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), ion source fragmentation, MS/MS fragmentation patterns, generated molecular formulae and subsequent unsaturation degree calculation, along with database and bibliographic search is proposed. Isobaric withanolides-type compounds were tentatively identified or classified according to their different hydroxy and epoxy positions, on the basis of the complementary information provided by MS/MS product ion spectra obtained in both ESI+ and ESI− mode. The proposed structural elucidation approach provides a valuable contribution to the limited information available regarding the MS/MS structural analysis of withanolides in ESI(−) mode. Moreover, an alternative elucidation strategy based on deconvolution and database search was successfully applied for the phytochemical profiling analysis of the volatile fraction of P. peruviana calyx extracts by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-q-TOF-MS), which reveals the presence of relevant terpenoids, including phytosterols and tocopherols (Vitamin E). The results of the phytochemical characterization obtained herein demonstrates the great potential of applying integrated identification strategies to HRMS data obtained from complementary LC- and GC-q-TOF-MS(/MS) platforms, as powerful identification tools for improving our understanding on the phytochemical composition of natural extracts intended to be used in functional foods or in traditional medicine preparations.
Natural carotenoids are secondary metabolites that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. These types of compounds are highly demanded by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, ...nutraceutical, and food industries, leading to the search for new natural sources of carotenoids. In recent years, the production of carotenoids from bacteria has become of great interest for industrial applications. In addition to carotenoids with C40-skeletons, some bacteria have the ability to synthesize characteristic carotenoids with C30-skeletons. In this regard, a great variety of methodologies for the extraction and identification of bacterial carotenoids has been reported and this is the first review that condenses most of this information. To understand the diversity of carotenoids from bacteria, we present their biosynthetic origin in order to focus on the methodologies employed in their extraction and characterization. Special emphasis has been made on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the analysis and identification of bacterial carotenoids. We end up this review showing their potential commercial use. This review is proposed as a guide for the identification of these metabolites, which are frequently reported in new bacteria strains.
The by-products generated by agri-food industries represent an interesting and valuable source of potential health-promoting compounds. Increasing scientific evidences highlight the role of ...food-related bioactive compounds in the prevention or amelioration of some diseases. In this regard, efficient and sustainable extraction procedures, followed by comprehensive chemical and functional characterization with high-throughput bioanalytical and omics technologies, represent significant methodological advances to scientifically support health claims of new food-related bioactive molecules. This short review critically summarizes selected cutting-edge scientific investigations dealing with advanced strategies to obtain and evaluate the biological activity of new functional ingredients from food by-products.
•Multi-analytical approach for “green” valorization strategies of food by-products.•PLE optimization led to withanolides-rich extracts with antioxidant activity.•Selection of suitable green solvents ...applying Hansen solubility parameters approach.
In this work, a multi-analytical platform that allows obtaining and characterizing high-added value compounds from natural sources is presented, with a huge potential in traditional medicine, natural products characterization, functional foods, etc. Namely, the proposed multi-analytical platform is based on the combination of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry GC-q-TOF-MS(/MS), in vitro assays and modelling tools for guiding extraction optimization. As case study, goldenberry or cape gooseberry fruit (Physalys peruviana L.) was selected. In particular, the potential of P. peruviana calyces, an important by-product of goldenberry processing, as promising source of bioactive compounds was evaluated. Selection of the most suitable solvent for PLE was based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) approach using 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (4βHWE) and withanolide E (WE) as target compounds due to their bioactive potential. A surface response methodology was further applied for the optimization of the PLE parameters: temperature (50, 100 and 150 °C) and solvent composition (% EtOH in the mixture EtOH/EtOAc). The effects of the independent variables on extraction yield, withanolides content (4βHWE and WE), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (EC50 and TEAC) were evaluated in order to obtain withanolide-rich extracts from P. peruviana calyces. The extract obtained under optimal conditions (at 125 °C and 75% EtOH v/v) exhibited satisfactory extraction yield (14.7%) and moderate antioxidant activity (with an EC50 value of 77.18 μg mL−1 and 1.08 mM trolox g−1), with 4βHWE and WE concentrations of 8.8 and 2.3 mg g−1, respectively. LC-q-TOF-MS/MS analysis of the extract allowed the quantitation of 4βHWE and WE and the tentative identification of several other withanolides structures. The obtained results demonstrate the great potential of this multi-analytical approach for developing valorisation strategies of food by-products under sustainable conditions, to obtain bioactive-enriched extracts with potential medicinal or health-promoting properties.
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